What happened?

India and the United States held high-level talks in Washington from April 23 to 25 to fast-track negotiations on a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA). The discussions addressed tariff and non-tariff issues, customs facilitation, and other trade-related matters across 19 chapters. Both sides aim to finalise the first phase of the BTA by September-October 2025. The talks follow earlier meetings in March and a business summit in Jaipur during US Vice President JD Vance’s recent India visit.

Why it matters to India

The BTA is expected to provide a framework to stabilise and expand India-US economic ties amid looming trade uncertainties, including a 26% tariff imposed by the US that expires on July 9. With India targeting a leap in bilateral trade from USD 191 billion to USD 500 billion by 2030, the pact could unlock early gains in key sectors. It may also deepen supply chain integration and reduce market access barriers for Indian exports.

What happened?

India’s military expenditure rose by 1.6% to $86.1 billion in 2024, making it the fifth highest globally, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). This spending was nearly nine times greater than Pakistan’s ($10.2 billion), amid heightened tensions following the Pahalgam attack. China, Asia’s top spender, allocated an estimated $314 billion—a 7% rise—marking 30 consecutive years of growth. Globally, the US, China, Russia, Germany, and India accounted for 60% of all military spending.

Why it matters to India

India’s growing defence outlay underscores its efforts to modernise military capabilities amid increasing regional threats, particularly from China and Pakistan. As China expands its cyber and nuclear capabilities, India’s relative military preparedness remains a key strategic concern. Pakistan’s comparatively lower spending may not offset its asymmetric tactics, especially with alleged cross-border activities. Additionally, sustained global militarisation—especially in Europe—highlights the importance of India maintaining robust defence deterrence in a volatile geopolitical environment.

What happened?

Mark Carney’s victory in Canada’s federal elections marks a significant political shift, with the Liberal Party returning to power under new leadership. A former central banker and political outsider, Carney made restoring strained ties with India a campaign priority. The relationship had collapsed after the Trudeau government accused “Indian agents” of involvement in the 2023 killing of Khalistani separatist Hardeep Singh Nijjar. Trade talks froze, envoys were expelled, and official visits suspended.

Carney has vowed to revive relations, calling India a key democratic and commercial partner.

Why it matters to India

Carney’s election opens a path for re-engagement on trade, education, and technology. India is Canada’s top source of immigrants, students, and tech workers, but diplomatic relations under Trudeau were marred by allegations of Ottawa’s tolerance of extremist Sikh separatist rhetoric. New Delhi sees Carney’s emphasis on shared values and trade diversification as a chance to reset ties. Reviving CEPA talks and restoring trust could reshape India-Canada relations after years of tension.

What happened?

India and France signed an Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) for the procurement of 26 Rafale-M fighter jets for the Indian Navy, including 22 single-seaters and 4 twin-seaters. The Rs 63,000-crore deal covers simulators, weapons, training, and performance-based logistics. It also includes setting up production and MRO facilities in India. Deliveries will begin in 3–4 years, while integration of indigenous weapons like ASTRA Mk1 is planned under a Transfer of Technology arrangement.

Why it matters to India

The Rafale-M will enhance India’s maritime air power, supporting operations from short-deck, ski-jump aircraft carriers like INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant. It ensures operational continuity as MiG-29Ks are phased out, until the indigenous TEDBF is ready. The deal strengthens Indo-French defence ties, boosts the Navy’s carrier strike capabilities, and is expected to create significant opportunities for Indian MSMEs through localisation initiatives.

What happened?

In a step towards normalising strained ties, India announced that the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra will resume from June 2025 after a five-year suspension. Five batches of 50 pilgrims each will cross through Uttarakhand’s Lipulekh Pass and ten batches through Sikkim’s Nathu La Pass. The Ministry of External Affairs has opened registrations online, with pilgrims to be selected through a computer-generated, gender-balanced process.

Why it matters to India

The yatra’s resumption signals a thaw in India-China relations following military disengagement in eastern Ladakh. It reflects progress since meetings between senior officials, including External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and China’s Wang Yi. Beyond religious importance, the move could pave the way for easing visas, starting direct flights, and enhancing people-to-people exchanges — crucial steps toward rebuilding trust between the two neighbours.

What happened?

Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal met UK Secretary of State for Business and Trade Jonathan Reynolds in London to address pending issues in the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations. Talks focused on tariffs, market access, and simplifying trade norms. Government officials said the FTA discussions are nearing conclusion, with parallel efforts ongoing to finalise a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) and a social security pact.

Why it matters to India

Finalising the FTA would significantly deepen India-UK economic ties, offering new market opportunities and boosting investment. Amid rising global protectionism and upcoming elections in both countries, securing the deal would provide a strategic advantage. Resolving issues on whisky tariffs, financial services, and carbon border taxes will also help position India strongly in the evolving global trade landscape.

What happened?

Following the Pahalgam terror attack that killed 26 people, China has urged India and Pakistan to exercise restraint and called for a swift and fair investigation into the incident. Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, in a call with Pakistan’s Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar, reaffirmed Beijing’s support for Islamabad in safeguarding its sovereignty. China emphasized its willingness to support measures that would help de-escalate tensions between the nuclear-armed neighbours.

Why it matters to India

China’s public backing of Pakistan amid heightened India-Pakistan tensions complicates New Delhi’s diplomatic efforts following the Pahalgam attack. While India moves to isolate Pakistan globally, including suspending the Indus Waters Treaty, Beijing’s intervention signals continued strategic support for Islamabad. This underlines the growing China-Pakistan nexus and reinforces India’s need to recalibrate its regional security and diplomatic strategies carefully to counter the emerging geopolitical challenge.

What happened?

Indian Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi visited Srinagar to review the security situation in the Union Territory. He was briefed by the 15 Corps Commander on the prevailing security scenario and held discussions with senior army commanders and other security officials. General Dwivedi was also briefed on the Indian Army’s efforts to counter terrorists and Pakistan Army’s ceasefire violations along the Line of Control (LoC). Earlier, Pakistan Army troops initiated small arms fire at several locations along the LoC, which was met with a response from the Indian Army.    

Why it matters to India

The Army Chief’s visit to Srinagar underscores India’s focus on maintaining security and stability in the region. Addressing cross-border terrorism and ceasefire violations is crucial for India’s national security and regional stability

What happened?

Sri Lanka will begin developing an energy hub in Trincomalee with India and the United Arab Emirates. This initiative, agreed upon during Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit, aims to leverage Sri Lanka’s strategic location. The project will include the construction of a multi-product pipeline, bunkering facilities, and potentially a refinery, and will also involve developing a World War II-era storage tank farm partly owned by the Sri Lankan subsidiary of Indian Oil. Representatives from Ceylon Petroleum, Indian Oil, and AD Ports are scheduled to meet in late May to discuss a detailed business plan.    

Why it matters to India

Collaboration with Sri Lanka and the UAE to develop an energy hub enhances India’s energy security and regional influence. This project strengthens India’s ties with Sri Lanka and promotes economic development in the region.    

What happened?

Pakistan Army troops violated the ceasefire by opening fire at multiple locations along the Line of Control (LoC) in Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian Army responded. This incident occurred shortly after a terror attack in Pahalgam, which resulted in 26 deaths. India has taken several retaliatory measures, including suspending the Indus Waters Treaty, expelling Pakistani military attachés, and suspending the Attari land-transit post.    

Why it matters to India

Pakistan’s ceasefire breach and the preceding terror attack have heightened tensions between the two countries. India’s strong response, including the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty, demonstrates its firm stance against cross-border terrorism and its willingness to protect its strategic interests. 

What happened?

India has informed Pakistan of its decision to keep the Indus Waters Treaty in abeyance, citing sustained cross-border terrorism by Pakistan as impeding India’s rights under the treaty. This decision was conveyed in a letter from India’s Secretary of Water Resources, Debashree Mukherjee, to her Pakistani counterpart, Syed Ali Murtaza.    

Why it matters to India

Suspending the Indus Waters Treaty reflects India’s strategic response to Pakistan’s support for cross-border terrorism. India is emphasizing that its cooperation on water sharing is contingent on Pakistan’s adherence to its obligations regarding terrorism. 

What happened?

An Indian delegation participated in the second session of the India-South Africa Joint Working Group on Trade and Investment (JWGTI) in Pretoria, South Africa, from April 22–23. The discussions focused on enhancing bilateral trade and investment, addressing outstanding issues, and strengthening ties. Key areas of collaboration included pharmaceuticals, healthcare, agriculture, MSMEs, and jewellery manufacturing.    

Why it matters to India

Strengthening trade and investment ties with South Africa, India’s largest trading partner in Africa, is crucial for India’s economic growth. Expanding cooperation in various sectors and exploring a trade agreement with the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) can create new opportunities for Indian businesses. 

What happened?

India’s inland water transport (IWT) sector achieved a record cargo movement of 145.5 million metric tonnes (MMT) in FY 2024–25, which is nearly eight times the 18.10 MMT recorded in FY 2013–14. The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways attributed this growth to strategic investments, digital tools, and policy reforms. The sector has grown significantly over the last decade, with major commodities moved including coal, iron ore, sand, and fly ash.    

Why it matters to India

The development of inland waterways provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly mode of transportation, reducing reliance on road and rail. Increased cargo movement and infrastructure development contribute to India’s economic growth and regional connectivity.    

What happened?

The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) met under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister Narendra Modi on April 23, 2025, to address the terrorist attack in Pahalgam on April 22, 2025, which resulted in the death of 25 Indians and one Nepali citizen. The CCS condemned the attack and decided to hold the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 in abeyance, close the Integrated Check Post Attari, and impose travel restrictions on Pakistani nationals. Additionally, Pakistani defence officials in New Delhi were declared persona non grata, and the strength of the High Commissions will be reduced.   

Why it matters to India

The decisions made by the CCS reflect India’s strong response to the cross-border terrorism, with a focus on reconfiguring the deterrence framework with Pakistan. The suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty and the closing of the Attari border are significant actions impacting bilateral relations and security. India aims to convey a clear message that it will not tolerate terrorism and will take all necessary steps to ensure national security and seek justice for the victims.   

What happened?

After India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty in response to the Pahalgam terror attack, Pakistan launched sweeping countermeasures on April 24. It closed its airspace to Indian-operated airlines, shut the Wagah border, and halted all trade, including transit via third countries. Islamabad cancelled SAARC visas for Indian nationals—except Sikh pilgrims—ordering them to leave within 48 hours. It also suspended the Simla Agreement and expelled Indian defence advisers. Crucially, Pakistan warned that any disruption of Indus waters would be treated as an “act of war”.

Why it matters to India

By framing water flow from the Indus as a national lifeline for its 240 million citizens, Pakistan has escalated the treaty dispute into a potential security flashpoint. Its threat of retaliation “across the complete spectrum of national power” raises the stakes beyond diplomacy. India must now contend with the risk of international arbitration and a possible regional security crisis. This development significantly heightens tensions, undermining the stability of an already volatile India-Pakistan dynamic.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman co-chaired the second leaders meeting of the India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council (SPC) on April 22, 2025, in Jeddah. The Council reviewed cooperation in various sectors and decided to create new Ministerial Committees on Defence Cooperation and on Tourism and Cultural Cooperation under the SPC. The High-Level Task Force on Investment (HLTF) discussed promoting Saudi Arabia’s investment in India, including establishing two refineries. Several MoUs and agreements were signed between India and Saudi Arabia, covering space activities, health cooperation, anti-doping education, and postal services.   

Why it matters to India

Modi’s visit to Saudi Arabia and the outcomes of the SPC meeting are significant for strengthening India’s strategic partnership with a key player in the Gulf region. The deepening of cooperation in defence, trade, investment, and technology aligns with India’s strategic interests and economic goals. Saudi Arabia’s commitment to invest USD 100 billion in India is a major boost for India’s economy, and the agreements in various sectors will foster bilateral cooperation and mutual benefit.

What happened?

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh stated on Wednesday that aero-engine development is a priority area for the government, with the aim to produce these engines indigenously through co-development and co-production, while securing full intellectual property rights. Addressing an event at the Air Force auditorium, Singh highlighted the importance of self-sufficiency in the defence sector and acknowledged the shifting geo-strategic equations and their impact on India’s national security.   

Why it matters to India

The focus on indigenous aero-engine development underscores India’s commitment to achieving self-reliance in defence production and strengthening the Indian Air Force. This initiative is crucial for reducing import dependency and enhancing national security in the face of evolving geo-strategic challenges. Singh’s emphasis on ‘atmanirbharta’ (self-sufficiency) aligns with the government’s broader vision for the defence sector.   

What happened?

ISRO Chairman V Narayanan announced on Wednesday that India plans to add 100-150 satellites over the next three years to enhance border security and coastal surveillance. Narayanan mentioned that currently, India operates about 55 satellites, which is insufficient for a country with vast borders and a 7,500 km shoreline. He also detailed ISRO’s successful second docking of satellites as part of its SpaDeX missions.   

Why it matters to India

The planned increase in the number of satellites is crucial for India to strengthen its surveillance and protect its borders and coastal areas. This initiative aligns with India’s focus on national security and leveraging space technology for strategic purposes. ISRO’s achievements, such as the SpaDeX missions, demonstrate India’s growing capabilities in space technology, which have applications in both civilian and defence sectors.   

What happened?

At least 26 people were feared dead after suspected militants opened fire on a group of tourists in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, on April 22. The attack, which involved two to three gunmen in a meadow area, is among the deadliest in recent years. A little-known group, “Kashmir Resistance,” claimed responsibility, citing opposition to the recent settlement of over 84,000 non-locals in the region. PM Modi condemned the attack, vowing justice and reaffirming India’s anti-terror stance.

Why it matters to India

The attack highlights the resurgence of militancy in Kashmir amid demographic changes following the 2019 revocation of Article 370. It threatens the fragile security gains in the region, undermines tourism, and complicates India’s domestic and international positioning on Kashmir. The timing—coinciding with US Vice President JD Vance’s visit—may indicate an attempt to draw global attention to the conflict, risking further diplomatic friction with Pakistan and challenging India’s counterinsurgency strategy.

What happened?

At least 26 people were killed and dozens injured in a terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, on Tuesday, making it one of the deadliest civilian-targeted assaults in recent years. The Resistance Front (TRF), a proxy of Lashkar-e-Taiba, claimed responsibility. The attack drew global outrage, with leaders from the US, Israel, Russia, China, and others condemning the violence and expressing solidarity with India.

Why it matters to India

The widespread condemnation bolsters India’s global diplomatic position in framing terrorism in Kashmir as a cross-border threat. Expressions of solidarity from key powers, including Saudi Arabia, the US, and EU members, may help India push for stronger international counter-terror frameworks and put pressure on Pakistan to crack down on proxy groups operating from its soil.

What happened?

On his first visit to India, US Vice President JD Vance delivered a keynote at the Ananta Centre’s India-US Forum in Jaipur, emphasizing strategic cooperation. He endorsed deeper defence collaboration, co-production of weapons, energy exports, and the newly agreed roadmap for a US-India trade agreement. Vance praised India’s growth vision, cultural pride, and PM Modi’s popularity, while criticizing Western pessimism. He affirmed Washington’s commitment to a multipolar Indo-Pacific and lauded India’s role in hosting the upcoming Quad Summit.

Why it matters to India

Vance’s speech signals bipartisan continuity in the US approach to India, underscoring strategic alignment on trade, energy, and regional security. His strong endorsement of defence co-production and F-35 sales points to a significant shift in bilateral military-industrial ties. The finalization of the trade deal’s terms of reference could pave the way for a $500 billion trade target. His remarks also reaffirm India’s status as a key partner in shaping a free and rules-based Indo-Pacific, positioning New Delhi as a pillar in Washington’s global strategy.

What happened?

On April 22, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Saudi Arabia for his third state visit, co-chairing the second India-Saudi Strategic Partnership Council meeting with Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The leaders expanded the Council to four Ministerial Committees, signed multiple MoUs in health, space, doping control, and postal cooperation, and reviewed progress in trade, investment, defence, and energy cooperation. Modi also condemned the April 22 terror attack in J&K and lauded Saudi Arabia’s World Expo 2030 and FIFA World Cup 2034 bids.

Why it matters to India

The visit signals India’s deepening economic and geopolitical engagement with West Asia. With Saudi Arabia hosting 2.7 million Indians and emerging as India’s fourth-largest trade partner, enhanced defence ties, energy collaboration, and investment commitments—such as establishing two refineries and progressing on a Bilateral Investment Treaty—are critical. The reaffirmation of joint counterterrorism efforts and support for initiatives like IMEC, renewable energy, and climate diplomacy further align with India’s global strategic ambitions.

What happened?

India has nominated M. Revathi, Joint Wireless Advisor at the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), as its candidate for Director of the Radiocommunication Bureau at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).  The ITU, a UN agency, is responsible for global radio frequencies and satellite orbits, which are crucial for technologies like 5G and 6G.  If elected, Revathi would be the first woman and the first representative from ITU Regions E (Asia/Australasia) and D (Africa) to lead the Bureau.    

Why it matters to India

India’s nomination signifies its ambition to play a leading role in global telecom governance and shape the future of radiocommunication standards.  This effort aligns with India’s vision of inclusive digital growth and its focus on ensuring equitable access to spectrum, particularly for developing nations.  India’s growing influence in the telecom sector is further underscored by its successful hosting of the World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA) in New Delhi in October 2024.   

What happened?

India has shipped the second battery of its BrahMos supersonic cruise missile system to the Philippines, as part of a $375 million deal signed in 2022.  Unlike the first delivery via an Indian Air Force aircraft, this shipment was transported by sea. The BrahMos missile, developed jointly by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia, is capable of flying at nearly three times the speed of sound (Mach 2.8) and can be launched from land, sea, and air.  There is also a plan to increase the indigenous components of the missile to 83%.    

Why it matters to India

The export of the BrahMos missile to the Philippines, and the interest from other ASEAN and Gulf nations, highlights India’s growing role as a major arms exporter.  This strategic shift in defence diplomacy strengthens India’s ties with Southeast Asian countries and enhances its influence in a region where China has a strong presence.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi began a two-day official visit to Saudi Arabia at the invitation of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, describing Saudi Arabia as a “force of positivity and stability” in the region.  The visit aims to strengthen defence, security, energy, and people-to-people ties. In an interview, PM Modi emphasized the growing trust between India and Saudi Arabia, particularly in defence and security, noting the progress in counterterrorism, anti-extremism, terror financing disruption, and cybersecurity cooperation.  He also highlighted Saudi Arabia’s role as a vital partner in India’s energy security and expressed gratitude for the support given to Indian pilgrims for Haj and Umrah.    

Why it matters to India

PM Modi’s visit underscores the strategic importance of the India-Saudi Arabia relationship. Strengthening ties with Saudi Arabia, a key player in the region, is crucial for India’s energy security, defence cooperation, and regional stability.  The emphasis on expanding defence collaboration and exploring Saudi investment in India’s defence manufacturing sector aligns with India’s growing role in global arms exports and its strategic interests.  

What happened?

The Kailash Mansarovar Yatra will resume on June 30 after a five-year gap. The pilgrimage, which was postponed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, will pass through the Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district. The decision to resume the yatra was made at a meeting in New Delhi under the Uttarakhand government and the Indian Ministry of External Affairs, with the Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam responsible for conducting the pilgrimage. The yatra will commence from Delhi on June 30, with five groups of 50 people each (250 devotees total) participating. The first group will enter China via Lipulekh Pass on July 10, and the last group will depart from China for India on August 22. Each team will travel for 22 days, with health check-ups for pilgrims in Delhi and Gunji.    

Why it matters to India

The resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra is significant as it holds great religious importance for Hindus. Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar, located in Tibet under Chinese control, are believed to be the abode of Lord Shiva, and the pilgrimage is considered to lead to salvation.  The successful coordination between the Indian Ministry of External Affairs and the Uttarakhand government to organise and conduct the yatra highlights India’s diplomatic and administrative capabilities.   

What happened?

Pope Francis, the first Latin American to lead the Roman Catholic Church, died at 88, the Vatican confirmed on Monday. The Argentine-born Jorge Mario Bergoglio passed away at 7:35 a.m., a day after his first public appearance since a prolonged hospital stay for pneumonia. Elected in 2013, Francis’ tenure was marked by attempts to modernise the Church, deep internal divisions, and global acclaim for his advocacy for the poor and marginalised.

Why it matters to India

Pope Francis maintained strong interfaith outreach and global diplomatic engagement that impacted India’s diverse religious landscape. His progressive stance on social issues often resonated with Indian civil society. India, home to a significant Catholic population, was influenced by his promotion of peace, climate action, and migration rights. His death may shape future Vatican policy towards Asia, especially as 80% of cardinal electors were appointed by him, hinting at continuity in India-Vatican relations.

What happened?

A contingent of the Indian Air Force reached Al Dhafra Air Base in the United Arab Emirates to participate in Exercise Desert Flag-10, a multinational air combat exercise. The IAF is fielding MiG-29 and Jaguar aircraft in the exercise, scheduled from April 21 to May 08, 2025. The exercise is being hosted by the UAE Air Force, with participating contingents from the Air Forces of Australia, Bahrain, France, Germany, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Turkey, UAE, United Kingdom, and the United States.  

Why it matters to India

Participation in Exercise Desert Flag-10 allows the IAF to undertake complex and diverse fighter engagements and exchange operational knowledge and best practices with some of the most capable Air Forces in the world. Such exercises enhance mutual understanding, interoperability, and strengthen military cooperation among the participating nations. The IAF’s participation underscores India’s commitment to strengthening defence ties and interoperability with friendly nations in the region and beyond.

What happened?

Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan’s Brazil visit, scheduled to conclude on April 21, focused on strengthening agricultural trade, technology, and innovation between India and Brazil. Chouhan led the Indian delegation at the 15th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting in Brasilia. During the visit, he emphasized promoting the production and export of soya in India, upgrading Indian farmers with global technologies, and ensuring global food security. He also addressed concerns for small farmers in the BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting.  

Why it matters to India

Chouhan’s visit is crucial for India to enhance agricultural cooperation with Brazil, a major player in agricultural exports. The focus on soya production and technology transfer aligns with India’s goal to boost its agricultural capabilities and exports. Cooperation in biofuel, bioenergy, supply chain integration, and agricultural machinery will enable Indian farmers to access global technology. Discussions also aimed at strengthening global food security and addressing the needs of small farmers, showcasing India’s commitment to inclusive and sustainable agriculture.  

What happened?

US Vice President JD Vance arrived in India on April 21 for his first official visit. He is accompanied by his wife, Usha Vance, and their children, as well as senior members of the US Administration. Vance is scheduled to meet Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday at the Prime Minister’s official residence. Following official meetings, the Vance family is set to visit Jaipur and Agra.  

Why it matters to India

Vance’s visit is expected to strengthen economic, trade, and defence cooperation between India and the US. Discussions may include a potential trade agreement, highlighting the ongoing efforts to enhance bilateral trade relations. The visit underscores the importance of the India-US comprehensive strategic global partnership and the intent to discuss all relevant issues to further boost bilateral ties. 

What happened?

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is on an 11-day official trip to the US and Peru to participate in G20 meetings and attend Spring Meetings of the IMF-World Bank, among other bilateral engagements. On April 20, Sitharaman was scheduled to deliver a keynote address at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. From April 22-25, Sitharaman will participate in the Spring Meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, the 2nd G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governor (FMCBG) Meetings, Development Committee Plenary, IMFC Plenary, and Global Sovereign Debt Roundtable (GSDR) meeting. During her visit to Peru from April 26 to 30, Sitharaman will lead an Indian delegation to discuss strengthening bilateral economic and trade relations.  

Why it matters to India

Sitharaman’s visit to the US includes meetings with top CEOs from fund management and IT firms, enhancing India’s economic ties and showcasing India to investors. Her participation in G20 and IMF-World Bank meetings allows India to play a key role in global economic discussions and policy-making. The visit to Peru is strategically important for India to explore collaboration in the mining sector, securing access to critical minerals and precious metals vital for India’s resource security and value-chain linkages. Discussions are expected to strengthen India’s resource security and facilitate value-chain linkages between the two economies.  

What happened?

ISRO’s SpaDEX mission successfully achieved its second satellite docking. Union Minister Jitendra Singh announced that the second docking of satellites was accomplished on Monday. The PSLV-C60 / SpaDEX mission was launched on December 30, 2024. The first docking was successfully completed on January 16, 2025, and the satellites were undocked on March 13, 2025. The mission involved the docking of two small spacecraft — SDX01 (the Chaser) and SDX02 (the Target) — each weighing around 220 kg. These satellites were launched aboard the PSLV-C60 rocket from Sriharikota on December 30, 2024.  

Why it matters to India

The successful docking of the SpaDEX satellites in January made India the fourth country in the world to achieve satellite docking in space, following the US, Russia, and China. The docking technology, indigenously developed by ISRO, is known as the Bharatiya Docking System and is a major step toward building India’s capabilities in orbital docking. This technology is crucial for future human spaceflight, satellite servicing missions, and establishing a space station. It will also be essential for India’s upcoming missions, such as future lunar expeditions like Chandrayaan-4, and for conducting operations without relying on Earth-based navigation systems.  

What happened?

India is preparing to amend its nuclear liability legislation, specifically the 2010 Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, to cap accident-related penalties for equipment suppliers. The proposed changes, hinted at by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, seek to remove the clause that exposes suppliers to unlimited liability. A draft law by the Department of Atomic Energy proposes capping compensation that operators can claim from suppliers at the value of the original contract and introducing a specific time period for claims.

Why it matters to India

These amendments aim to revive stalled foreign investment in India’s nuclear sector, particularly from US firms, by aligning India with international norms where the operator is primarily responsible for safety. The changes are expected to encourage companies like General Electric and Westinghouse Electric to enter India’s nuclear market, supporting India’s goal to increase nuclear power generation. Parliamentary approval for the amended law is crucial for both nuclear energy expansion and concluding a trade deal with the US, which targets increasing bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030. The government is also exploring private Indian participation in nuclear energy projects, with large domestic conglomerates considering investments.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from April 22-23, 2025, at the invitation of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. This visit follows the Crown Prince’s visit to New Delhi in September 2023 for the G20 Summit and to co-chair the India-Saudi Arabia Strategic Partnership Council meeting.  

Why it matters to India

The visit highlights the importance India places on its strategic relationship with Saudi Arabia. It provides an opportunity to deepen the multifaceted partnership across various sectors, including political, defence, security, trade, investment, and energy. Strengthening ties with Saudi Arabia aligns with India’s geopolitical and economic interests in the region.

What happened?

India participated in GITEX Africa 2025, a major tech and start-up event held in Marrakesh, Morocco. Minister of State Jayant Chaudhary represented India, engaging in bilateral meetings and discussions on digital public infrastructure (DPI), AI, and skilling. He emphasized India’s achievements in DPI and its potential for collaboration with African partners.  

Why it matters to India

India’s participation in GITEX Africa 2025 allows it to showcase its digital advancements and leadership in skilling and digital innovation. Sharing India’s expertise in DPI can foster collaborations with African nations, promoting inclusive and equitable growth. India’s growing AI talent pool and its focus on integrating technology into the skilling ecosystem can lead to strategic partnerships and economic opportunities.

What happened?

Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh concluded a two-day visit to London, where he co-chaired the 24th India-UK Defence Consultative Group meeting with the UK’s Permanent Under Secretary of State for Defence, David Williams. They reviewed the geopolitical landscape and reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening defence ties, building on the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and the Roadmap to 2030. The Defence Secretary also met with the UK’s National Security Adviser, Jonathan Powell, to discuss expanding military engagements and defence industry collaboration.  

Why it matters to India

The visit underscores India’s focus on strengthening defence cooperation with the UK, addressing both regional and global security issues. Encouraging partnerships between UK companies and Indian start-ups can drive innovation and provide cost-effective defence solutions. Developing an Industrial Cooperation Roadmap and inviting UK firms to invest in India’s Defence Corridors can enhance India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem and promote indigenous production.

What happened?

Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced the New Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme, approved by the Cabinet, to enhance India’s role in global electronics supply chains. The scheme will support passive components, complementing the National Semiconductor Mission’s focus on active components. In addition, Union Minister Vaishnaw inaugurated VVDN Technologies’ new Surface Mount Technology Line and Mechanical Innovation Park in Manesar, Haryana. Electronics manufacturing in India has reportedly grown fivefold in the last six years, with exports increasing sixfold over the last decade.  

Why it matters to India

The new manufacturing scheme is expected to significantly boost domestic production, generate employment, and reduce import dependency, moving India towards self-reliance in electronics. The growth in electronics manufacturing and the emphasis on design capabilities enhance India’s position in the global electronics landscape. The development of indigenous design tools and manufacturing capabilities is crucial for achieving technological self-reliance.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is expected to undertake a three-nation tour of Europe, including Croatia, Norway, and the Netherlands, in mid-May. This visit follows increased engagements between India and Europe, including the European Commission President’s visit to India. The visit will include participation in the third India-Nordic Summit in Oslo on May 15.  

Why it matters to India

The tour aims to strengthen India’s ties with key European nations, focusing on trade, economic cooperation, and strategic partnerships. The India-Nordic Summit provides a platform to enhance cooperation in trade, innovation, green energy, and climate change. The visit to Croatia, the first by an Indian Prime Minister, seeks to strengthen economic ties and explore its role in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor. The visit to Netherlands will be focused on elevating the bilateral ties.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi held a phone conversation with Tesla CEO Elon Musk on April 18, reaffirming India’s commitment to deepening collaboration with the United States in technology and innovation. Modi shared on X that the discussion built upon topics covered during their meeting in Washington earlier this year, including space, mobility, and digital reform. The conversation comes amid reports of Tesla’s possible market entry into India and growing U.S. interest in satellite-based services.

Why it matters to India

The dialogue underscores India’s strategic push to attract high-tech investments and strengthen its innovation ecosystem through global partnerships. As Tesla and Starlink eye India for expansion, the government’s outreach to Elon Musk signals readiness to integrate cutting-edge technologies into sectors like mobility, satellite internet, and space. Such engagements align with India’s vision of becoming a global tech hub while improving digital access, especially in rural and disaster-prone regions.

What happened?

India observed World Heritage Day on April 18, highlighting its commitment to protecting cultural and natural legacies. This year’s theme—“Heritage under Threat from Disasters and Conflicts”—stressed the urgency of safeguarding heritage in vulnerable areas. With 43 World Heritage Sites and 62 on UNESCO’s Tentative List, India marked the day through multiple initiatives, including digital documentation, museum development, and international engagement, such as hosting the 46th World Heritage Committee session in Delhi in 2024.

Why it matters to India

As custodian of a vast civilisational legacy, India’s preservation efforts have global resonance. Government programmes like Adopt A Heritage 2.0, the digitisation of antiquities, and infrastructure revamps at pilgrimage sites reflect a policy shift towards heritage-led development and tourism. International collaborations and recognitions, including recent literary inscriptions and museum expansions, underscore India’s soft power strategy—anchoring heritage as both a national priority and a tool of global cultural diplomacy.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar urged foreign envoys to engage more deeply with northeast India, calling on them to familiarise themselves with the region’s potential and share its qualities with their respective governments and industries. Addressing ambassadors ahead of the North East Investors Summit 2025, he highlighted the region’s strategic position bordering five countries and its centrality to key Indian policies like Act East, Neighbourhood First, and BIMSTEC.

Why it matters to India

Jaishankar’s remarks signal a strategic push to globalise the northeast’s development narrative. As India strengthens its economic and connectivity links with Southeast Asia, showcasing the northeast as a hub for trade, tourism, and regional cooperation enhances its diplomatic and commercial leverage. By encouraging foreign engagement, India aims to attract investment and align the region with broader Indo-Pacific goals.

What happened?

India strongly rejected Bangladesh’s remarks on the recent violence in West Bengal’s Murshidabad district, terming them “unwarranted” and “disingenuous.” In response to Dhaka’s call for protecting minority Muslims affected by the unrest during protests against the Waqf Amendment Act, MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal urged Bangladesh to focus on safeguarding its own minority communities instead of engaging in “virtue signalling.” The violence had led to three deaths and injuries to hundreds.

Why it matters to India

India’s rebuttal signals a firm diplomatic stance against external commentary on its internal matters, especially from neighbouring countries with contested human rights records. The response draws attention to India’s longstanding concerns over the safety of Hindus and other minorities in Bangladesh, often raised through diplomatic channels. By rejecting Dhaka’s statement, New Delhi reaffirmed its sovereignty over domestic issues while highlighting the need for reciprocal accountability in regional human rights dialogues.

What happened?

Union Minister of State for External Affairs and Textiles, Shri Pabitra Margherita, is visiting Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on April 18–19 to attend the Malaysian Association of Tour and Travel Agents (MATTA) Fair. The visit is part of the ASEAN-India Tourism Professionals Exchange Programme 2025, organised under the ASEAN-India Fund in collaboration with the Assam Tourism Development Corporation. The initiative highlights India’s tourism offerings, especially from the North-East region.

Why it matters to India

The visit strengthens India’s tourism diplomacy in Southeast Asia, aligned with the ASEAN-India Year of Tourism 2025. By spotlighting North-East India at a major regional travel forum, New Delhi aims to boost inbound tourism, promote cultural exchange, and foster business-to-business partnerships. The delegation’s engagement with Malaysian industry leaders and the Indian diaspora further reinforces bilateral ties and economic cooperation under India’s Act East policy.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Finland’s President Alexander Stubb held a phone conversation on Wednesday to review bilateral cooperation. They reaffirmed their commitment to deepening partnerships in emerging areas including quantum technology, 5G/6G, AI, and cybersecurity. Both leaders discussed ongoing collaborations in digitalization, mobility, and sustainability. They also exchanged views on regional and global issues such as the Ukraine conflict and agreed to maintain close contact going forward.

Why it matters to India

Finland is a key EU partner for India in the digital and tech sectors. Strengthening bilateral ties aligns with India’s ambitions in next-gen technologies and green mobility. Finland’s support for an early India-EU Free Trade Agreement boosts India’s strategic interest in diversifying trade and tech partnerships amid global uncertainty. Enhanced cooperation also reinforces India’s diplomatic presence in the Nordic region ahead of the upcoming India-Nordic Summit.

What happened?

Bangladesh’s National Board of Revenue has suspended yarn imports from India through major land ports—Benapole, Bhomra, Sonamasjid, Banglabandha, and Burimari—effective Tuesday. The move follows India’s recent withdrawal of a transhipment facility, citing congestion at airports and ports. Bangladeshi textile associations and the Trade and Tariff Commission had earlier demanded curbs on Indian yarn imports, arguing that cheaper Indian yarn was harming domestic producers and undercutting regional suppliers like China and Turkey.

Why it matters to India

The suspension highlights growing trade friction between Dhaka and New Delhi, especially in key sectors like textiles and agriculture. For India, this affects yarn exporters in West Bengal and surrounding states. Bangladesh’s shift towards diversifying imports—also seen in its move to source potatoes and onions from non-Indian suppliers—signals a reorientation of its trade policy. It underscores the need for India to recalibrate its regional economic diplomacy to safeguard market access and address concerns of trade imbalances.

What happened?

EU naval force Atalanta has proposed a joint counter-piracy exercise with the Indian Navy. The proposal was made during Vice Admiral Ignacio Serrano’s visit to India, where he met officials in Mumbai and New Delhi. If approved, the exercise will take place in the Indian Ocean by May-end, with EU deploying two warships. It aims to enhance tactical coordination, interoperability, and operational planning between the two sides.

Why it matters to India

As piracy threats persist off Somalia and in the wider Indian Ocean, deeper cooperation with EU naval forces bolsters India’s maritime security framework. The move aligns with India’s goal of maintaining a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. It also strengthens naval diplomacy and India’s strategic presence in a region vital to its trade and energy routes.

What happened?

India and the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) signed a Headquarters Agreement in New Delhi. The pact was formalised by MEA Secretary (East) P. Kumaran and IBCA Director General Dr. S.P. Yadav. The agreement designates India as the host for IBCA’s Secretariat and confers privileges, immunities, and operational rights. India will provide ₹150 crore in support from 2023-24 to 2028-29 to fund IBCA’s infrastructure and operations.

Why it matters to India

Hosting the IBCA reinforces India’s global leadership in wildlife conservation. Launched in 2023 by PM Modi, the alliance furthers the conservation of seven major wild cats. With India as a founding leader and headquarters host, the country strengthens its diplomatic and ecological influence while promoting global cooperation on biodiversity preservation.

What happened?

India and the European Union (EU) will hold the 11th round of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations from May 12–16 in New Delhi. The tenth round addressed market access in goods, services, investment, and government procurement. According to Additional Secretary L Satya Srinivas, both sides have agreed to fast-track the process. Separately, India launched CEPA talks with Chile on April 1 and concluded the seventh FTA round with Peru.

Why it matters to India

The India-EU FTA holds strategic value for diversifying trade ties amid global realignments. The EU is India’s third-largest trading partner, and deeper access could boost sectors like pharmaceuticals, IT, and textiles. Engagements with Chile and Peru mark India’s pivot to Latin America, aiming at its first FTA in the LAC region—key for expanding geopolitical and economic influence beyond traditional partners.

What happened?

India’s Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh met Italian Defence Minister Guido Crosetto in Rome (April 14–15) to boost bilateral defence cooperation. The 11th India-Italy Joint Defence Committee meeting, co-chaired by Singh and Italian Defence Secretary General Luisa Riccardi, focused on maritime collaboration, defence technology, and armament production. Singh also addressed an India-Italy Defence Industry Roundtable, highlighting India’s recent defence sector reforms. A key MoU was signed between SIDM and AIAD to deepen industrial cooperation in aerospace and defence.

Why it matters to India

Italy is a key EU partner in India’s strategic push for defence industrialisation. Enhanced defence cooperation, especially in maritime domain awareness and technology co-development, aligns with India’s goal of building domestic defence capabilities. The SIDM-AIAD MoU and policy-level discussions enable joint ventures and tech transfers that bolster ‘Make in India’ in defence. Strengthening naval cooperation also enhances India’s role in the Western Indian Ocean amid Red Sea tensions.

What happened?

At the  Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) Round-IX and Special Discovered Small Field (DSF) Signing Ceremony, Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri announced the awarding of 28 exploration blocks and 2 DSF blocks covering 1.36 lakh sq. km—76% of which was opened since 2014. The government also launched OALP Round-X with 25 blocks and DSF Round-IV with 258.59 MMTOE reserves. The amended Oilfields Act came into effect, and a Joint Working Group report was released to address investor concerns.

Why it matters to India

With 88% crude oil and 50% gas import dependence, expanding domestic exploration is vital for energy security. The dramatic reduction of “No-Go” zones and the opening of 76% of current E&P areas since 2014 signal a policy shift toward faster approvals, transparency, and data-driven exploration. These reforms position India as a key future energy consumer while ensuring long-term sustainability, regulatory clarity, and investor confidence in the hydrocarbon sector.

What happened?

The sixth edition of the India-Uzbekistan Joint Military Exercise, DUSTLIK-VI, commenced on 16 April 2025 at the Foreign Training Node, Aundh, Pune. Scheduled till 28 April, the exercise involves 60 Indian Army and Air Force personnel—mainly from the JAT Regiment—alongside the Uzbekistan Army. Focused on multi-domain sub-conventional operations in semi-urban terrain, the exercise simulates terrorist threats, heliborne insertions, drone warfare, and the establishment of a Joint Operations Centre.

Why it matters to India

DUSTLIK-VI reinforces India’s defence cooperation with Central Asia, especially in counterterrorism and hybrid warfare preparedness. Strengthening inter-operability with Uzbekistan boosts regional security coordination and showcases India’s operational capabilities in complex terrain. It also advances New Delhi’s outreach in Central Asia, a key pillar under India’s “Connect Central Asia” policy, while enhancing strategic ties through sustained military diplomacy.

What happened?

The Trump administration has launched Section 232 investigations into U.S. imports of pharmaceuticals and semiconductors, citing national security concerns. The probes, initiated on April 1, begin a 21-day public comment period and could lead to 10–25% tariffs. While smartphones and computers have been temporarily excluded, President Trump confirmed tariffs on chips will be announced next week. The move follows earlier tariffs on steel, aluminium, and autos, escalating trade tensions and impacting U.S. markets and economic forecasts.

Why it matters to India

India’s pharmaceutical and IT sectors could face indirect fallout if U.S. tariffs tighten global supply chains or trigger retaliatory trade measures. India exports both active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished formulations to the U.S., and any shift in U.S. policy toward reshoring drug manufacturing could disrupt Indian pharma’s market access. Similarly, a redrawn global chip trade map could complicate India’s ambitions to emerge as a semiconductor hub amid ongoing efforts to attract chipmakers under the country’s PLI schemes.

What happened?

Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan will lead the Indian delegation at the 15th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting in Brasilia, Brazil, on April 18. The meeting, themed “Promoting Inclusive and Sustainable Agriculture,” will include BRICS nations and new partner countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Indonesia. Chouhan will also hold bilateral meetings with Brazilian ministers and engage with agribusiness leaders to boost cooperation in agriculture, agri-tech, and rural development.

Why it matters to India

India’s participation underlines its commitment to multilateral cooperation on food security and sustainable agriculture. Chouhan’s bilateral talks aim to deepen India-Brazil agri-tech partnerships and attract investment into India’s agricultural value chain. Engagements with the diaspora and initiatives like “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” highlight India’s strategic use of soft power and environmental diplomacy. As BRICS expands its agricultural agenda, India positions itself as a key voice for inclusive and equitable rural development.

What happened?

India’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations commemorated the 135th birth anniversary of Dr B.R. Ambedkar at the UN headquarters in New York. The event was attended by global leaders and focused on the theme, “The timeless appeal of Dr Ambedkar’s vision within the UN and beyond.” India’s Permanent Representative, Parvathaneni Harish, highlighted Ambedkar’s role in India’s freedom movement and as the architect of its Constitution.

Why it matters to India

The event spotlighted Dr Ambedkar’s global intellectual legacy and his vision of democracy, equality, and fraternity. His Columbia University education and rational policy approach were underscored as inspirations for inclusive global governance. This commemoration strengthens India’s soft power by aligning Ambedkar’s ideals with the UN’s mission, projecting India as a champion of social justice and democratic values on the global stage.

What happened?

India and the United States have finalized the terms of reference for the first phase of a bilateral trade agreement, aiming for completion by the end of 2025. The move is part of a broader ambition to expand trade to $500 billion by 2030. The agreement will include liberalisation of both tariff and non-tariff barriers. India’s trade secretary expressed optimism about achieving a “good” deal, while highlighting the steady progress being made in the negotiations.

Why it matters to India

A structured trade deal with the US could unlock new market access, enhance technology exchange, and attract investment, bolstering India’s export competitiveness. However, India maintains a firm stance on protecting domestic interests. Union Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal emphasized that India does not “negotiate at gunpoint,” reinforcing New Delhi’s commitment to fair and sovereign-centered trade outcomes. This cautious but constructive approach comes as the US selectively adjusts tariffs globally, suspending hikes for partners like India while raising them for China.

What happened?

The Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India released the first edition of India’s International Technology Engagement Strategy for Quantum.  The report, unveiled by PSA Ajay Kumar Sood on World Quantum Day 2025, aims to articulate India’s outward-facing strategy in Quantum Science, Technology and Innovation (QSTI) to accelerate discovery, foster innovation, and catalyse adoption across critical sectors.  The strategy report provides a foundational landscape analysis for domestic and foreign stakeholders in government, academia, and industry, aligning with India’s National Quantum Mission (NQM).  Professor Sood emphasised the importance of Quantum Technology for strategic autonomy, the need for India to invest in Quantum hardware, reduce import dependencies, increase funding for startups, and actively participate in defining global standards for Quantum Tech.  The NQM, efficiently rolled out by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), looks at the complete life cycle of this frontier technology, involving 152 researchers from 43 institutions across 17 states and 2 Union Territories.    

Why it matters to India

The release of the International Technology Engagement Strategy for Quantum highlights India’s focus on advancing in Quantum Science, Technology and Innovation (QSTI) to achieve strategic autonomy and economic growth.  By investing in Quantum hardware, reducing import dependencies, and creating a supportive ecosystem for startups, India aims to become a key player in the global Quantum Tech landscape.  Actively participating in defining global standards for Quantum Tech will ensure that India’s interests are protected and that it can effectively compete in the global market.  The National Quantum Mission (NQM) and the hub-and-spoke model being implemented demonstrate India’s commitment to developing a comprehensive Quantum ecosystem, fostering innovation, and strengthening international partnerships.

What happened?

India successfully conducted its first trial of a high-powered laser weapon, MK-II(A), developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), at the National Open Air Range in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh.  The laser-based Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) system shot down a drone by tracking it mid-flight and deploying a high-energy laser beam.  The MK-II(A) system, created by DRDO’s Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS) with support from other DRDO labs, academic institutions, and private industry partners, demonstrated its capability to neutralise aerial targets.  During the test, the laser system engaged long-range fixed-wing drones, disrupted coordinated drone attacks, and disabled enemy surveillance devices.    

Why it matters to India

The successful testing of the laser weapon places India among the few nations with advanced Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) systems, enhancing its defence capabilities.  This indigenous development reduces India’s dependence on costly ammunition and provides a cost-effective solution to counter drone swarms, an increasing threat in modern warfare.  The development of ‘Star Wars’ capabilities, as emphasised by DRDO Chairman Samir V Kamat, signifies India’s commitment to advancing its military technology and achieving strategic autonomy.    

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM)  Jaishankar held a telephonic conversation with the Foreign Minister of Oman, Badr Albusaidi, to discuss recent regional developments.  This conversation followed a bilateral meeting between the two in February, where they reviewed India-Oman relations.  The teleconference took place after Al Jazeera reported that the United States and Iran had concluded indirect negotiations in Muscat, Oman, mediated by Omani Foreign Minister Badr bin Hamad al-Busaidi.  During the February meeting, EAM Jaishankar conveyed his appreciation to Oman for hosting the Indian Ocean Conference and for their support in strengthening India-Oman ties.  They also launched a logo celebrating 70 years of diplomatic relations between India and Oman, and EAM Jaishankar launched the book, ‘Mandvi to Muscat: Indian Community and the Shared History of India and Oman’, highlighting the historical ties between the two nations.    

Why it matters to India

The discussions with Oman are important for India to stay engaged with and informed about key regional developments, particularly those involving the US and Iran.  Oman’s role as a mediator in regional talks and its strong relationship with India provide India with valuable insights and diplomatic opportunities.  Strengthening ties with Oman, as highlighted by the 70th-anniversary celebrations and the book launch, aligns with India’s strategic interest in enhancing its influence and partnerships in the Gulf region.    

What happened?

Custom authorities of India and Nepal agreed to enhance trade and customs operations to counter cross-border criminal activities and smuggling.  The discussions, held in Kathmandu from April 10-11, during the 21st Director-General Level Talks on Customs Cooperation, included upgrading border infrastructure and automating transit processes.  Both sides acknowledged smuggling as a common challenge and agreed to take necessary measures to control unauthorised trade, including sharing intelligence to prevent smuggling of prohibited items like gold, narcotics, fake currency notes, e-cigarettes, and certain varieties of garlic.  The meeting also covered reviewing the Memorandum of Understanding on Pre-arrival Exchange of Customs Data, the Electronic Origin Data Exchange System (EODES), finalising the Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement (CMAA), and facilitating transit cargo movement under the Electronic Cargo Tracking System (ECTS).    

Why it matters to India

Effective border management with Nepal is crucial for India to combat smuggling and maintain regional security.  Upgrading border infrastructure and automating transit processes will enhance the efficiency of trade and customs operations, benefiting India’s economic interests.  Nepal is a priority partner for India under its ‘Neighbourhood First’ Policy, and India is Nepal’s largest trade partner, accounting for two-thirds of Nepal’s exports.  Strengthening cooperation in customs matters will help India control unauthorised trade, protect its economic interests, and ensure regional stability.    

What happened?

US Vice President JD Vance and National Security Advisor Mike Waltz are expected to visit India between April 21 and 25, coinciding with a 90-day pause on tariffs announced by Donald Trump. Waltz’s trip includes talks on advanced technologies under the newly branded TRUST framework, while Vance’s largely personal visit will involve cultural engagements. A brief meeting with Prime Minister Modi may occur, though Modi will be in Saudi Arabia during part of the visit.

Why it matters to India

This visit signals warming ties under a possible second Trump term. The pause on tariffs offers India an opening to renegotiate trade terms, while discussions under TRUST may revive strategic tech cooperation. A direct channel with senior Trump allies—Waltz and Vance—gives Delhi early influence over evolving US foreign policy. Their presence also showcases India’s growing relevance in American political circles ahead of the 2024 US elections.

What happened?

India will not ease its curbs on Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal confirmed, citing national security and trust issues. Since April 2020, Chinese FDI into India dropped from $1.6 billion to just $20 million. Goyal noted that India welcomes investments aligned with its interests, but won’t reconsider China-specific rules introduced after border clashes in 2020.

Why it matters to India

The statement underscores India’s cautious approach toward China amid ongoing geopolitical and security tensions. With strained ties and concerns about economic coercion, India’s stand reflects a broader strategy of reducing dependency on China while promoting resilient supply chains and trusted partners. It aligns with India’s push for strategic autonomy and stronger bilateral frameworks beyond adversarial regimes.

What happened?

Italy’s Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani, accompanied by Minister Anna Maria Bernini and a high-level delegation, visited India from April 11–12. He held talks with EAM S. Jaishankar, co-chaired the India–Italy Business, Science and Tech Forum, and engaged with Indian ministers and institutions. Key areas discussed included trade, defence, energy, science, education, and mobility. Italy also appointed a Special Envoy for the India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).

Why it matters to India

This visit bolsters the India–Italy strategic partnership under JSAP 2025–29. Discussions advanced collaboration in AI, cybersecurity, digital and renewable tech, and higher education. Over 100 Italian firms explored cooperation in priority sectors. The visit also deepened cultural ties through art exhibitions and MoUs in scientific research. With growing convergence on Indo-Pacific and regional issues, the visit marks a significant push in diversifying bilateral ties.

What happened?

Union Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal stressed the need for India and the European Union to take concrete steps to remove trade barriers to expedite discussions and finalize the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Speaking at the ‘Italy-India Business, Science and Technology Forum’, Goyal highlighted the importance of addressing the hurdles delaying the agreement to build on the current bilateral trade volume. His remarks followed a meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, where both leaders agreed to speed up efforts to finalize the FTA by the end of the year.   

Why it matters to India

The finalization of the FTA with the EU is crucial for India to enhance its trade relations and increase market access. The EU is India’s largest trading partner, and removing trade barriers will boost bilateral trade and investment, providing significant economic benefits. This initiative aligns with India’s strategy to strengthen its trade partnerships and navigate global trade uncertainties, including those arising from US trade policies. 

What happened?

India’s renewable energy sector achieved a record annual capacity addition of 29.52 GW in the Financial Year 2024-25, bringing the total installed renewable energy capacity to 220.10 GW as of 31st March 2025. Solar energy contributed the most to this growth, with 23.83 GW added, bringing the total installed solar capacity to 105.65 GW. Wind energy also saw progress, with total installed capacity reaching 50.04 GW.   

Why it matters to India

The growth in renewable energy capacity reflects India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based capacity by 2030 and its efforts to meet its ‘Panchamrit’ goals. This expansion enhances India’s energy security, reduces its reliance on fossil fuels, and contributes to its climate change mitigation efforts. The emphasis on solar and wind energy, along with bioenergy and small hydro power, demonstrates India’s diversified approach to clean energy transition and its leadership in the global renewable energy landscape.  

What happened?

Italy’s Minister of University and Research, Anna Maria Bernini, met with Union Minister Jitendra Singh to discuss and enhance collaboration in quantum technologies, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology. The meeting resulted in the signing of an MoU of cooperation, building on discussions between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni at the G20 Summit in Brazil, which led to the Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025–2029. The Indo-Italian Executive Programme of Cooperation (EPOC) for 2025–2027 was signed, which includes funding for 10 research mobility proposals and 10 collaborative research initiatives.   

Why it matters to India

The collaboration with Italy in science and technology aligns with India’s strategic interests in advancing its capabilities in key areas such as AI, quantum technologies and biotechnology. This partnership enhances India’s innovation ecosystem and fosters scientific exchange, contributing to its goal of becoming a global hub for emerging technologies. The focus on joint initiatives and research programmes will facilitate the development of cutting-edge solutions and strengthen India’s position in the global scientific community. 

What happened?

India will provide $990,000 in funding support to Sierra Leone from the India-UN Development Partnership Fund for a project aimed at enabling economic independence for specially abled persons. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is partnering with India on this project, which is a national development priority for Sierra Leone. The project will focus on refurbishing dedicated centers, developing training curricula, adopting technology to enhance mobility and access to social services, and establishing a loan program.   

Why it matters to India

This aid to Sierra Leone demonstrates India’s commitment to development in Africa and strengthens its diplomatic relations. By supporting sustainable livelihoods and economic independence for persons with disabilities, India is promoting inclusive development in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. The partnership with the UN Development Programme enhances India’s role in international development and showcases its growing influence in addressing global challenges.  

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar stated that India is prepared for a high degree of urgency in trade talks with the US, acknowledging the challenging situation due to the Trump administration’s changed approach to global engagement. At the Carnegie Global Technology Summit, Jaishankar highlighted the complexities of India’s trade deals in the current global landscape, influenced by the US-China trade dynamics and China’s rising geopolitical influence. He also pointed out the global geopolitical shifts, including the stressed situation in Europe and the technological advancements of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, and mentioned India’s progress in Digital Public Infrastructure and semiconductor manufacturing.   

Why it matters to India

India’s emphasis on trade urgency with the US reflects its strategic adaptation to the changing global order, aiming to secure favorable trade agreements amidst US-China trade tensions and geopolitical uncertainties. The Minister’s focus on technology at the Global Technology Summit underscores India’s ambition to enhance its technological capabilities and leverage them for geopolitical influence. India’s proactive engagement in trade talks and technology underscores its efforts to balance relations with major global powers and advance its economic and strategic interests.  

What happened?

Apple is moving more iPhone production to India in response to rising U.S. tariffs on Chinese goods, The Wall Street Journal reported. The 54% levy on Chinese imports, imposed under President Trump’s new tariff package, has made iPhones significantly costlier to produce in China. India, facing a comparatively lower 26% tariff, is becoming a preferred alternative as Apple seeks a temporary workaround while awaiting a possible U.S. tariff exemption.

Why it matters to India

India stands to gain as Apple reallocates manufacturing to bypass U.S.–China trade tensions. This shift could boost domestic electronics production and signal confidence in India’s supply chain. It also strengthens India’s position in global tech manufacturing, aligns with the ‘Make in India’ initiative, and may attract further high-value investments amid the global trend of diversifying supply chains away from China.

What happened?

India’s total exports of goods and services reached a record $820 billion in the financial year 2024–25, marking a 6% increase from $778 billion in the previous year, according to figures released by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The announcement was made during a review meeting chaired by Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal with Export Promotion Councils and industry bodies to assess the trade outlook.

Despite a challenging global environment—including the Red Sea crisis, the Israel-Hamas conflict’s spillover in the Gulf, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war, and sluggish growth in developed economies—India’s exporters posted an all-time high performance. Minister Goyal lauded their resilience and reiterated the government’s commitment to creating a supportive trade environment.

During the meeting, Goyal also briefed the industry on ongoing negotiations with the United States for a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), which was initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Trump in February 2025. He urged exporters to remain optimistic and assured that the government is working judiciously to finalise a balanced and beneficial trade deal.

Why it matters to India

Achieving record export figures amid multiple geopolitical and economic disruptions demonstrates the increasing competitiveness and diversification of India’s export sector. It signals India’s emergence as a reliable global trade partner with robust manufacturing capabilities and a stable regulatory environment. The surge also underlines the effectiveness of government initiatives like the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and trade facilitation reforms.

The discussions on a US-India Bilateral Trade Agreement reflect a strategic push to deepen economic ties with key partners and secure long-term market access. If finalised, the BTA could unlock new opportunities across sectors such as pharmaceuticals, IT services, textiles, and defence manufacturing. Sustaining export growth will also be vital for India’s broader economic goals, including job creation, attracting FDI, and achieving a $5 trillion economy.

What happened?

On 9 April 2025, India and Russia convened the 8th Session of the Working Group on Priority Investment Projects (IRWG-PIP) in New Delhi under the framework of the India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation. The meeting was co-chaired by Amardeep Singh Bhatia, Secretary, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, and Vladimir Ilichev, Deputy Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation.

During the session, both sides signed a protocol outlining six new strategic projects aimed at expanding investment cooperation. These projects are expected to enhance collaboration in key sectors of mutual interest. The Working Group also reviewed progress from the previous session and reaffirmed commitment to strengthening economic linkages.

Alongside the meeting, the 2nd Edition of the India-Russia Investment Forum was held in collaboration with Invest India, the Indian Chamber of Commerce, and Russia’s Ministry of Economic Development. The forum attracted participation from over 80 businesses, including entrepreneurs, financial institutions, and logistics companies from both nations.

Why it matters to India

The inclusion of new strategic projects signals a renewed push to deepen India-Russia economic engagement amid evolving global trade dynamics. Strengthening investment ties with Russia enables India to diversify its economic partnerships and foster collaboration in priority sectors, potentially including energy, infrastructure, logistics, and manufacturing.

The participation of Indian and Russian industry representatives reflects growing private sector interest in bilateral opportunities. Forums like IRWG-PIP and the Investment Forum also complement India’s broader efforts to attract FDI and enhance industrial partnerships under the ‘Make in India’ and infrastructure development agendas. Amid geopolitical shifts, sustained economic cooperation with Russia also supports India’s pursuit of strategic autonomy and balanced global relations.

What happened?

The 9th edition of the Global Technology Summit (GTS) is being held in New Delhi from 10 to 12 April 2025. Co-hosted by the Ministry of External Affairs and Carnegie India, the Summit is India’s flagship platform for geo-technology dialogue. This year’s theme, “Sambhavna”—meaning possibilities—focuses on how emerging technologies can enable inclusive growth, strengthen digital governance, and foster international collaboration.

The event brings together more than 150 speakers from over 40 countries, including strategic partners such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Australia. Over 40 public sessions will address critical areas like AI governance, data protection, cybersecurity, digital public infrastructure, and space security. Dr. S. Jaishankar, External Affairs Minister, is scheduled to deliver the inaugural address. The Summit will also feature youth engagement through the GTS Young Ambassadors programme, inviting participation from students and early-career professionals across India.

Why it matters to India

The Global Technology Summit underscores India’s leadership in shaping the global technology discourse at a time of growing geopolitical and digital interdependence. By convening policymakers, industry experts, and thought leaders, India is positioning itself as a norm-setter in emerging technology governance. Themes such as responsible AI, cybersecurity, and cross-border data flows have direct implications for India’s digital economy and strategic autonomy.

The Summit also reflects India’s push to build tech partnerships across the Global South and deepen ties with like-minded democracies. With initiatives like Digital Public Infrastructure gaining global recognition, GTS-2025 provides a platform for India to export its models, foster innovation diplomacy, and expand its influence in the global tech architecture.

What happened?

On 9 April 2025, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and UK Chancellor Rachel Reeves met in London for the 13th India-UK Economic and Financial Dialogue. The dialogue covered a wide range of economic engagements, with both sides reaffirming commitment to a comprehensive partnership built on mutual growth and financial stability. Key developments included progress on negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement and a Bilateral Investment Treaty, the strengthening of financial services trade, and enhanced regulatory cooperation through an Exchange of Letters between India’s IFSCA and the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority.

The two sides also endorsed greater collaboration in fintech, capital markets, pensions, and insurance. India’s move to allow overseas listings from GIFT City and the UK’s support for rupee-denominated Masala Bonds were highlighted. Further, both countries celebrated growing ties in green finance, with new initiatives under the Green Growth Equity Fund, and welcomed investments in clean energy projects by British International Investment.

Why it matters to India

The dialogue reflects India’s growing economic stature and its deepening engagement with global financial centres like London. Strengthening financial services trade and regulatory cooperation can enhance capital flows, support financial innovation, and boost access for Indian firms to global markets. Provisions to allow Indian companies to list in international jurisdictions, especially from GIFT City, and UK interest in Indian bonds and insurance reforms signal a maturing financial relationship.

The agreements in climate finance and infrastructure funding also position India to attract more green capital, supporting its net-zero ambitions. With collaboration on issues like fintech regulation, sustainable finance, and cross-border payment systems, the dialogue reinforces India’s strategy of integrating with global economic standards while promoting its own financial hubs and innovation ecosystems. Overall, it underscores India’s strategic use of bilateral dialogues to unlock investment and advance long-term development goals.

What happened?

On 9 April 2025, President Droupadi Murmu concluded the Slovakia leg of her State Visit to Portugal and the Slovak Republic—the first by an Indian President in 29 years. In Bratislava, she held high-level meetings with President Peter Pellegrini, Prime Minister Robert Fico, and Speaker of the National Council Richard Raši. Two Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) were exchanged—one between India’s National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) and the Slovak Business Agency for MSME cooperation, and another between India’s Sushma Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service (SSIFS) and Slovakia’s Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs for diplomatic training.

During delegation-level talks, the leaders committed to expanding collaboration in trade, defence, technology, nuclear energy, space, and culture. President Murmu also highlighted the potential for joint film production and invited Slovakia to participate in the upcoming WAVE Summit in Mumbai. She will also inaugurate the India-Slovak Business Forum and visit the Tata Jaguar Land Rover plant in Nitra.

Why it matters to India

The visit reinforces India’s diplomatic outreach to Central and Eastern Europe, a region of growing importance for diversifying economic and strategic partnerships. Slovakia’s support during India’s Ukraine evacuation highlighted shared humanitarian values, and the new MoUs are set to expand India’s global MSME and diplomatic engagement. As Slovakia positions itself as a hub for European industry and innovation, India stands to benefit from enhanced cooperation in manufacturing, defence, and creative industries. The engagement also reflects India’s focus on expanding its diplomatic footprint and deepening people-to-people ties with smaller EU nations.

What happened?

India is set to implement its first standardised school curriculum in Himalayan Buddhist monasteries this month, marking a strategic push to integrate modern education with religious learning and reinforce national identity in border regions. The initiative, led by the Ministry of Education through the National Institute of Open Schooling, aims to unify and certify the education of thousands of students across approximately 600 monasteries in states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu and Kashmir.

The curriculum blends Buddhist philosophy with academic subjects like mathematics, science, computer literacy, and languages including English, Hindi, and Bhoti. It also includes Indian history and India’s role in Tibet’s freedom struggle. So far, 20 monasteries along the 3,000-km India-China border have agreed to adopt the syllabus, with a phased rollout planned for the rest.

This effort follows a five-year assessment of existing educational standards in monastery schools. The government plans to support implementation by funding teacher recruitment, offering monk stipends, and introducing regular examinations.

Why it matters  to India

The move is part of a broader strategy to insulate religious education from Chinese influence, particularly in sensitive border areas. India has long hosted Tibetan refugees and spiritual institutions since the Dalai Lama’s exile in 1959, but rising geopolitical tensions with China have pushed New Delhi to more actively assert its cultural and educational influence in the Himalayan belt.

By standardising monastic education, India aims to ensure that students in remote monasteries receive recognised academic credentials while fostering a sense of Indian identity. The integration of modern subjects with Buddhist traditions seeks to balance cultural preservation with national interests.

The initiative also reflects a shift toward tighter regulation of religious education across faiths, as seen in earlier reforms affecting Islamic schools. With China continuing to claim parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other Himalayan territories, India’s educational outreach is emerging as a form of soft power aimed at strengthening loyalty and resilience in its frontier regions.

What happened?

On 8 April 2025, the Indian government revoked a trans-shipment facility that allowed Bangladesh to export goods to third countries—such as Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar—via Indian land customs stations en route to Indian ports and airports. The facility, granted in June 2020, was withdrawn through a circular issued by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs.

Indian apparel exporters had long demanded the withdrawal, citing congestion at air cargo terminals, increased freight costs, and reduced cargo space at key hubs like Delhi’s IGI Airport. The decision follows growing concerns from Indian exporters about competitiveness, especially in the textile sector where Bangladesh is a major rival.

Why it matters to India

The move is expected to boost Indian export sectors like garments, footwear, and gems by easing logistical bottlenecks and improving access to air freight capacity. However, it may strain Bangladesh’s export logistics and impact landlocked countries like Nepal and Bhutan that relied on the route.

Trade experts warn the decision could challenge regional trade dynamics and test compliance with WTO transit obligations, which require member states to facilitate unhindered trade for landlocked nations.

What happened?

India and the European Union (EU) are considering a phased approach to finalise their long-pending Free Trade Agreement (FTA), aiming to conclude it by the end of 2025. The strategy would allow both sides to first settle less contentious issues, while deferring complex matters such as tariffs on automobiles, alcohol, and intellectual property rights.

This development follows a 28 February 2025 meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, where they reaffirmed commitment to the deal. The 10th round of FTA talks was held in Brussels last month, with the next round scheduled for May in India.

Why it matters  to India

A phased FTA could accelerate progress on a pact that has been in negotiation for over a decade, helping both sides respond to rising global protectionism, particularly from the U.S. The EU is India’s largest goods trading partner, with bilateral trade valued at over USD 137 billion in 2023–24.

Stronger India-EU trade ties would boost export competitiveness, attract investments, and support India’s goal of diversifying its global trade partnerships. It also complements India’s recent deal with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which promises USD 100 billion in investments and lower tariffs on key European exports.

What happened?

On 8 April 2025, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approved a landmark ₹63,000 crore (approximately USD 7.5 billion) deal for the acquisition of 26 Rafale Marine fighter jets from France for the Indian Navy. The purchase, executed through a government-to-government agreement, includes 22 single-seater and four twin-seater carrier-borne aircraft, along with maintenance support, training, and offset commitments to promote domestic defence manufacturing.

Why it matters to India

This acquisition marks India’s biggest naval aviation procurement and a major boost to maritime air power, significantly enhancing India’s ability to project strength in the Indo-Pacific. The Rafale M’s advanced capabilities—including air-to-air combat, ground attack, and carrier compatibility—will improve India’s readiness in high-stakes maritime environments, especially amid growing regional tensions.

The inclusion of technology transfer and offset clauses aligns with India’s ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ (self-reliant India) vision by encouraging indigenous defence production. Additionally, it deepens India-France defence cooperation and reflects India’s strategic prioritisation of naval modernisation as it prepares for future security challenges in the Indian Ocean region.

What happened?

Tahawwur Hussain Rana, a Canadian citizen of Pakistani origin accused of involvement in the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, has been extradited from the United States to India. This follows the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent rejection of his plea to block the extradition. Indian officials traveled to the U.S. to take custody of Rana, who is now en route to India aboard a special flight. ​

Why it matters to India

Rana’s extradition is a significant milestone in India’s pursuit of justice for the 26/11 attacks, which claimed over 170 lives. His return to India is expected to provide crucial insights into the planning and execution of the attacks, potentially aiding in the prosecution of other individuals involved. This development also underscores the strengthening of Indo-U.S. cooperation in counterterrorism efforts, reflecting a shared commitment to combating global terrorism.

What happened?

On 9 April 2025, during the News18 Rising Bharat Summit in New Delhi, India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar discussed the recent tariffs imposed by U.S. President Donald Trump on Indian imports. Jaishankar emphasised India’s commitment to engaging constructively with the U.S. to negotiate a bilateral trade agreement by autumn 2025. He highlighted that India is among the few countries to have reached such an understanding with the U.S. since President Trump’s second term began. ​

Why it matters to India

India’s approach to addressing the U.S. tariffs through negotiation rather than retaliation reflects a strategic decision to strengthen economic ties with a key trading partner. By seeking a comprehensive trade agreement, India aims to mitigate the adverse effects of tariffs, enhance market access for its exports, and attract foreign investment. This strategy underscores India’s commitment to resolving trade disputes amicably and could serve as a model for similar negotiations with other nations, reinforcing India’s position in global trade dynamics.

What happened?

India and the United States reaffirmed their commitment to an “early conclusion” of the long-discussed Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), amid rising global trade tensions. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and US Secretary of State Marco Rubio discussed trade and regional affairs over a phone call—marking the first cabinet-level contact since President Trump imposed a 27% tariff on Indian goods as part of a broader protectionist push on “Liberation Day.”

Why it matters to India

The BTA could shield Indian exports from steep US tariffs, ensuring continued market access and trade stability. Amid Trump’s aggressive tariff regime, India’s measured response—unlike China’s retaliatory duties signals diplomatic restraint. An early deal could preserve India’s export competitiveness and secure key sectors like pharmaceuticals, IT, and agriculture. It also reflects growing Indo-US economic alignment, even as other nations, including Vietnam and Japan, scramble to negotiate tariff relief.

What happened?

India is set to operationalise a nuclear submarine and warship base near Rambilli village, Andhra Pradesh, by 2026. Part of Project Varsha, the base includes underground pens and tunnels to discreetly host nuclear submarines. Located 50 km from Visakhapatnam’s Eastern Naval Command, its first phase is nearly complete and will be expanded in stages. The site’s sea depth allows undetected submarine movement, enabling stealth operations akin to China’s Hainan base.

Why it matters to India

The Rambilli base will significantly enhance India’s second-strike nuclear capability in the Bay of Bengal. With INS Aridhaman—India’s third SSBN—slated for 2025 commissioning, and plans for six SSNs underway, the base ensures long-term strategic deterrence. Coupled with Project Seabird’s Karwar base on the west coast, it strengthens India’s maritime posture on both fronts. These developments mark a decisive step in India’s goal of credible minimum nuclear deterrence and blue-water naval power.

What happened?

India is finalizing its first-ever military space doctrine, expected within two to three months, Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan announced at the Indian DefSpace Symposium. He also revealed that a national military space policy is underway. The doctrine is being developed by the Defence Space Agency to institutionalize India’s approach to space as a warfare domain. The CDS emphasized space reforms and plans for a 52-satellite constellation for defence use.

Why it matters to India

A dedicated space doctrine will formalize India’s strategic orientation toward space as a combat and surveillance frontier. With rising militarization of space globally, especially by China and the US, India’s proactive approach enhances deterrence and preparedness. The Defence Space Agency’s focus on integrated satellite grids and partnerships with ISRO and private players reflects a shift toward secure, indigenous space capabilities critical for national defence and real-time surveillance across domains.

What happened?

On 5 April 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Sri Lanka, where India and Sri Lanka signed 7 agreements and Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) to strengthen bilateral cooperation across critical sectors. Key outcomes included the inauguration of the Sampur solar power project and a temperature-controlled warehousing facility in Dambulla via video link.

India concluded the debt restructuring process with Sri Lanka, aimed at supporting its economic recovery. An MoU on defence cooperation was signed to expand existing military engagement. The two sides also signed agreements on electricity grid interconnection and development of Trincomalee as an energy hub, with participation from the United Arab Emirates.

Further MoUs were signed for cooperation in digital transformation, health and medicine, and socio-economic development in Sri Lanka’s Eastern Province, valued at LKR 2.37 billion. Another key agreement focused on enhancing cooperation in critical minerals.

Why it matters to India:

The visit reaffirmed the strategic partnership between India and Sri Lanka. Cooperation on critical minerals directly supports India’s long-term goals in renewable energy and high-tech manufacturing. Defence cooperation contributes to maritime security and regional stability in the Indian Ocean.

India’s role in developing Trincomalee as an energy hub expands its influence in regional energy supply chains, with support from the UAE enhancing trilateral cooperation. The debt restructuring and socio-economic projects demonstrate India’s commitment to Sri Lanka’s economic recovery, while also strengthening India’s diplomatic and strategic footprint in the neighbourhood.

What happened?

President Droupadi Murmu arrived in Lisbon on 7 April 2025 for a four-day state visit to Portugal and Slovakia. The visit to Portugal, at the invitation of President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, marks the 50th anniversary of India-Portugal diplomatic ties.

From 9 to 10 April, the President will be in Slovakia, invited by President Peter Pellegrini. This is the first visit by an Indian President to Slovakia in 29 years. The agenda includes meetings with top political leadership and discussions on expanding cooperation in trade, technology, and education.

Why it matters to India:

The visit reflects India’s growing engagement with the European Union and aims to deepen bilateral ties with two key EU partners. Portugal and Slovakia offer new avenues for collaboration in clean energy, innovation, and higher education.

The trip enhances India’s diplomatic visibility in Europe, supports diversification of partnerships beyond major economies, and aligns with India’s broader strategy of building resilient international linkages in a multipolar world.

What happened?

India’s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will visit the United Kingdom and Austria from 8 to 13 April 2025. In London, she will co-chair the 13th India-UK Economic and Financial Dialogue (EFD) with the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer on 9 April.

The EFD will focus on enhancing cooperation in financial services, fintech, taxation, digital payments (including UPI), and sustainable finance. Sitharaman will also address the India-UK Investor Roundtable and hold meetings with financial institution leaders.

In Austria, she will meet government officials and co-chair a roundtable with Austrian CEOs to promote investment opportunities in India.

Why it matters to India:

The visit strengthens India’s economic and financial engagement with Europe. The EFD provides a platform to promote regulatory alignment, investment flows, and fintech partnerships, which are key to India’s digital economy goals.

Mobilising sustainable climate finance supports India’s commitments under its energy transition roadmap. Engagements in Austria expand investment outreach to Central Europe, advancing India’s position as a global investment destination.

What happened?

At the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai and Deputy Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates, will visit India from 8 to 9 April 2025.

This is his first official visit to India as Crown Prince. He will be accompanied by ministers, officials, and a business delegation. The Crown Prince will meet Prime Minister Modi, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar, and Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. He will also travel to Mumbai and participate in a business roundtable with Indian and UAE business leaders.

Why it matters to India:

The visit strengthens India’s Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with the UAE. Dubai plays a vital role in India-UAE economic and people-to-people ties, hosting the largest share of the 4.3 million-strong Indian diaspora in the Gulf.

Discussions on trade, investment, and defence will reinforce India’s strategic and commercial linkages with the UAE. The visit also enhances coordination on regional connectivity, logistics, and innovation.

What happened?

On 4 April 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Bangladesh’s Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus on the sidelines of the BIMSTEC Summit in Bangkok. This marked their first meeting since Yunus assumed charge following Sheikh Hasina’s ouster. Modi was joined by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and NSA Ajit Doval. He raised concerns over minority safety in Bangladesh and cautioned against provocative rhetoric, referencing Yunus’s recent claim that India’s Northeast is “landlocked” and Bangladesh is its “only guardian of the ocean.”

Modi reaffirmed India’s commitment to a democratic, stable, and inclusive Bangladesh, highlighting the bilateral relationship’s people-centric nature. He urged strict border control, especially at night, to prevent illegal crossings. Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri later said Modi called for investigation into reported attacks on minorities. Yunus’s earlier remarks during a China visit, suggesting Bangladesh could be an ocean gateway for Northeast India, drew sharp responses from Indian leaders, including Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma.

Why it matters to India:

This meeting is critical as India navigates a complex transition in Bangladesh’s leadership amid Dhaka’s increasing proximity to Beijing. Yunus’s comments on Northeast India touch on a sensitive geopolitical nerve, especially regarding the Siliguri Corridor—India’s strategic link to its eastern states. India’s concerns about minority rights, border security, and regional rhetoric reflect broader anxieties over stability in its eastern neighbourhood. Sustaining constructive ties with Bangladesh is essential for India’s Act East Policy and managing China’s growing influence in South Asia.

What happened?

India and South Korea held a joint forum in Seoul to explore enhanced cooperation in trade, investment, advanced manufacturing, and renewable energy. The forum comes amid rising global protectionism, including new US reciprocal tariffs affecting both nations. Officials acknowledged that current cooperation falls short of potential. Meanwhile, South Korea’s Hanwha Aerospace signed a $253.6 million deal with India to supply K9 howitzers by 2030, expanding on a similar 2017 contract. The agreement involves local partner Larsen & Toubro.

Why it matters to India:

Amid trade tensions and global tariff shifts, India is strategically diversifying trade and defence partnerships. Deepening economic ties with South Korea—India’s special strategic partner since 2015—helps boost advanced manufacturing and renewable sectors. The K9 howitzer deal also supports India’s defence modernization and “Make in India” initiative. As both countries seek resilient supply chains and tech-driven cooperation, the forum reflects New Delhi’s intent to forge deeper, sustainable economic and strategic links beyond traditional partners.

What happened?

The Government of India has advanced its Bharat 6G Vision, released in March 2023, aiming to make India a global leader in 6G by 2030. Key initiatives include funding two testbeds—6G THz and Advanced Optical Communication—to promote R&D. It sanctioned 100 5G labs across academic institutions to build a 6G-ready ecosystem. Additionally, 111 research proposals have been approved to develop a robust 6G network aligned with international roadmaps for innovation and connectivity.

The government also established the Bharat 6G Alliance, bringing together industry, academia, and research institutions. India signed MoUs with global 6G alliances to strengthen international collaboration. It hosted the inaugural International 6G Symposium during WTSA 2024 and India Mobile Congress 2024, uniting experts to discuss 6G innovations. Furthermore, India contributed to the ITU’s IMT-2030 framework, ensuring inclusion of ‘ubiquitous connectivity’ and prioritizing capabilities like coverage, interoperability, and sustainability in defining global 6G standards.

Why it matters to India:

India’s aggressive push toward 6G enhances its tech sovereignty, innovation leadership, and digital diplomacy. By investing in academia and R&D, India is nurturing a future-ready talent pipeline and start-up ecosystem. Collaborating globally allows India to shape future telecom standards and align with international technology governance. With 6G expected to transform smart cities, healthcare, and industry, India’s leadership will directly support its digital economy ambitions and improve its competitiveness in emerging global technology landscapes.

What happened?

On 3 April 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra in Thailand during the BIMSTEC Summit. Both leaders announced a Joint Declaration upgrading ties to a Strategic Partnership. Six MoUs were signed, covering digital cooperation, maritime heritage at Lothal, MSME collaboration, North East development, and creative economy. PM Modi also highlighted cooperation in defence, maritime security, and fintech, and expressed solidarity with Thailand after a recent earthquake.

Why it matters to India:

This strategic upgrade advances India’s Act East Policy and regional influence in Southeast Asia. Thailand, a key ASEAN economy, enhances India’s connectivity and maritime interests. The digital and MSME MoUs support India’s tech growth and small business sector. The heritage pact boosts India’s cultural diplomacy. Security cooperation and a proposed Strategic Dialogue enhance India’s capacity to address terrorism and transnational threats, while engagement with Thailand opens doors for trade, infrastructure, and strategic depth in the Indo-Pacific.

What happened?

The Trump administration has imposed a 27% tariff on imports from India as part of its new reciprocal trade policy, affecting key sectors such as diamonds, smartphones, solar PV modules, and apparel. While exemptions apply to certain energy products and pharmaceuticals, India’s top pharma exports to the US remain outside the exemption list. Apparel exports, however, may benefit due to higher tariffs imposed on competitors like Vietnam (46%) and Bangladesh (37%). The tariff hike on Vietnam could also help India gain an edge in smartphone and solar module exports. Meanwhile, Indian exports of auto components, steel, and aluminum to the US are expected to face challenges due to previously announced tariffs. Trade experts emphasize the need for a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with the US to ensure stable market access and predictable tariffs.

Why it matters to India

The tariff shift presents a mixed scenario for India’s export sectors. While challenges arise for traditional strongholds like diamond and steel, the relatively lower tariff rates on Indian apparel and electronics compared to competing nations provide a strategic advantage. This could accelerate India’s positioning in global supply chains, especially in electronics and high-value manufacturing. However, sustaining these gains would require diplomatic efforts to negotiate a BTA and strategic policy shifts to reinforce India’s export resilience. The developments also highlight the evolving nature of US-India trade relations, underscoring the importance of long-term economic diplomacy.

What happened?

India and Chile held a Mining Industry Round Table on 1 April, focusing on strengthening bilateral cooperation in critical minerals, including copper and lithium. Minister of Coal & Mines G. Kishan Reddy led the Indian delegation, which included senior officials and representatives from leading mining and metal companies. Chile’s Minister of Mines Aurora Williams led the Chilean delegation, emphasizing her country’s expertise in copper and lithium production.

The discussions covered potential joint ventures, investment opportunities, and technological collaboration in sustainable mining practices. Both sides also explored avenues for renewing the India-Chile Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Geology and Mineral Resources to create a long-term framework for cooperation.

Why it matters to India

India’s growing demand for critical minerals, driven by its expanding electric vehicle (EV) industry, renewable energy projects, and electronics manufacturing, makes Chile a key partner in securing a steady supply of these essential resources. Strengthening ties with Chile, one of the world’s largest producers of lithium and copper, will enhance India’s resource security and reduce dependency on other suppliers.

The collaboration is expected to facilitate greater trade in minerals, promote investment in value-added mineral processing, and boost India’s efforts in sustainable and responsible mining practices. With India looking to diversify its critical mineral imports, this engagement with Chile aligns with its broader strategy to secure raw materials essential for its economic growth and clean energy transition.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar addressed the 20th BIMSTEC Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, reaffirming India’s commitment to regional cooperation. He highlighted BIMSTEC’s role in strengthening connectivity, trade, and security in the Bay of Bengal region, stressing the need for an ambitious approach amid global uncertainties. India underscored its efforts in enhancing infrastructure links, including the Trilateral Highway, and emphasized the importance of deepening cooperation in energy, digital infrastructure, maritime security, and counterterrorism. He also reaffirmed India’s support for disaster response and food and energy security in the region. The meeting set the stage for the upcoming BIMSTEC Summit.

Why it matters to India

As a leading member of BIMSTEC, India sees the grouping as crucial for regional integration and economic growth, aligning with its Act East policy and Neighbourhood First approach. Strengthening connectivity and security cooperation enhances India’s strategic and economic influence in the Bay of Bengal, facilitating trade and people-to-people exchanges. The focus on counterterrorism, cyber security, and disaster response reinforces India’s role as a key player in shaping the region’s stability. The ministerial meeting sets the groundwork for concrete outcomes at the BIMSTEC Summit, advancing India’s broader regional aspirations.

What happened?

The 7th India-Japan Maritime Affairs Dialogue was held in Tokyo, where officials from both countries discussed strengthening maritime cooperation. The Indian delegation was led by Joint Secretary Muanpuii Saiawi from the Ministry of External Affairs, while Japan’s delegation was headed by Deputy Director-General Kashiwabara Yutaka. The discussions focused on enhancing maritime security, countering illicit maritime activities, and improving domain awareness. Both sides also reviewed ongoing cooperation and explored ways to strengthen regional and international maritime security mechanisms. The next round of the dialogue will be held on a mutually agreed date.

Why it matters to India

Maritime collaboration with Japan reinforces India’s strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific, particularly in ensuring a secure and rules-based maritime environment. Strengthening cooperation in areas such as maritime domain awareness and capability building enhances India’s security preparedness, particularly in countering emerging threats in the region. The dialogue aligns with India’s broader efforts to deepen partnerships with like-minded nations to uphold stability and economic prosperity in the Indo-Pacific.

What happened?

President Droupadi Murmu will undertake a State visit to Portugal and Slovakia from 7-10 April 2025, marking key diplomatic engagements in Europe. The visit to Portugal on 7-8 April, at the invitation of President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, is the first by an Indian President in 27 years. It coincides with the 50th anniversary of the re-establishment of diplomatic ties between the two nations. President Murmu will hold delegation-level talks with President Rebelo de Sousa, meet Prime Minister Luis Montenegro, and engage with parliamentary leadership.

On 9-10 April, President Murmu will visit Slovakia, the first such visit in 29 years, at the invitation of President Peter Pellegrini. She will hold bilateral discussions with President Pellegrini and Prime Minister Robert Fico, along with interactions with the Slovak parliamentary leadership. In both countries, she will engage with the Indian diaspora.

Why it matters to India

The visit reinforces India’s diplomatic outreach in Europe, strengthening political, economic, and cultural ties with Portugal and Slovakia. Portugal’s position as a key European partner and its historical ties with India make the visit significant for expanding trade, technology collaboration, and strategic partnerships. Slovakia, an emerging economy in Central Europe, offers opportunities for investment and cooperation in manufacturing, technology, and energy. President Murmu’s engagements with political leadership in both nations will deepen bilateral ties and enhance India’s presence in the region.

What happened?

India and the US commenced the fourth edition of Tiger Triumph, a 13-day tri-service humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) exercise on 2 April 2025. The drill, taking place off India’s Eastern Seaboard, involves naval, army, and air force units from both countries. A joint command centre will be set up in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, alongside medical camps and amphibious operations. The exercise coincides with Operation Brahma, India’s relief mission to Myanmar after the 28 March earthquake.

Why it matters to India

The exercise enhances India’s operational coordination with the US in disaster response, reinforcing its role as a first responder in the Indo-Pacific. By integrating military and humanitarian capabilities, India strengthens strategic ties with the US while showcasing its leadership in regional disaster relief. The exercise also complements India’s ongoing assistance to Myanmar, further solidifying its influence in the Indian Ocean Region.

What happened?

Leaders of India and China exchanged congratulatory messages on the 75th anniversary of diplomatic ties. President Xi Jinping, Premier Li Qiang, President Droupadi Murmu, and Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the importance of cooperation. Both sides acknowledged recent diplomatic engagements, including meetings on border management and the resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.

Why it matters to India

While relations remain strained due to the Ladakh standoff, the anniversary messages signal a willingness to stabilise ties. Recent talks on border management and trade resumption suggest a cautious reset in relations. China’s acknowledgment of India as a key partner in the Global South aligns with India’s broader diplomatic strategy. However, actual progress will depend on resolving long-standing border issues.

What happened?

President Gabriel Boric of Chile is on a State visit to India from 1-5 April 2025 at the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The visit marks 76 years of diplomatic relations between the two nations. Key agreements were signed, including a Letter of Intent on Antarctic cooperation, a Cultural Exchange Programme, and MoUs on disaster management and critical minerals. Both leaders launched negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to deepen trade ties. Chile announced a Multiple Entry Permit for Indian businesspersons, and both sides agreed to enhance cooperation in pharmaceuticals, digital technology, and defence.

Why it matters to India

The visit underscores India’s growing trade and strategic engagement with Latin America. The CEPA negotiations aim to boost bilateral trade and investment, while agreements on critical minerals secure India’s supply of key resources for clean energy and technology. Defence cooperation, Antarctic research, and digital transformation partnerships align with India’s broader global outreach and technological aspirations. Chile’s support for India’s permanent UNSC seat bid further strengthens diplomatic ties.

What happened?

President Gabriel Boric of Chile visited India for discussions with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, focusing on expanding bilateral ties, including trade, investment, critical minerals, and sustainable development. In a joint press meeting at Hyderabad House on 1 April 2025, President Boric emphasised the growing potential for expanding bilateral relations between the two nations. Boric highlighted opportunities for enhanced cooperation in trade, investment, and addressing global challenges like climate change and sustainability.  

President Boric acknowledged India’s growing role globally and noted that India has become Chile’s seventh-largest trading partner. During the meeting, President Boric and Prime Minister Modi discussed cooperation in commercial relations, investment, and the critical minerals industry, with Boric highlighting the significance of minerals like lithium and copper. Boric also emphasised the shared commitment to technological development and innovation.  

Why it matters to India

President Boric’s visit underscores the importance India places on strengthening its ties with Chile. The discussions on trade, investment, and critical minerals align with India’s economic and strategic interests, particularly in securing resources for its growing economy and clean energy ambitions. Enhancing cooperation in technology and innovation can also provide India with valuable partnerships for sustainable development. Strengthening ties with Chile also expands India’s engagement with Latin America, furthering its global outreach.

What happened?

The third India-Japan Space Dialogue was held in Tokyo on 01 April 2025. The Indian delegation was co-led by Ms Muanpuii Saiawi, Joint Secretary, Disarmament and International Security Affairs Division, Ministry of External Affairs, and Mr M. Ganesh Pillai, Scientific Secretary, ISRO, Department of Space. The Japanese delegation was co-led by Mr Saita Yukio, Assistant Minister/Ambassador in charge of Space Policy, Foreign Policy Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Mr Kazeki Jun, Director General, National Space Policy Secretariat, Cabinet Office.  

The dialogue included ministries and agencies related to outer space, with exchanges of views on their respective space policies and priorities. Discussions were held on national space programmes, bilateral space cooperation, space situational awareness, space security, Quad space cooperation, industry level cooperation and commercial space collaboration. The Indian co-chairs also visited JAXA’s Tsukuba Space Center on 31 March 2025.  

The dialogue was preceded by an industry cooperation event organised by IN-SPACe and Japan’s Cabinet Office, with participation from representatives of Japanese and Indian companies and industry associations.  

Why it matters to India

This dialogue signifies the importance India places on its space cooperation with Japan. By discussing national space programmes and bilateral cooperation, India aims to strengthen its capabilities and partnerships in space exploration, technology, and security. The focus on Quad space cooperation also aligns with India’s strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific region. Furthermore, the emphasis on industry-level and commercial space collaboration can create opportunities for India’s growing space sector, fostering innovation and economic growth.

What happened?

Caspar Veldkamp, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, is on his first official visit to India from 31 March to 1 April 2025. This visit aims to strengthen the multifaceted relationship between India and the Netherlands, focusing on expanding cooperation in several areas, including trade, investments, defence, and innovation, according to an official press release by the Ministry of External Affairs.

On 31 March 2025, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar held delegation-level talks with Foreign Minister Veldkamp, during which the two leaders discussed the deepening bilateral cooperation. They highlighted the growing exchanges in various sectors, including political, cultural, and people-to-people ties. The leaders also explored new avenues for collaboration, notably in semiconductors, digital technologies, renewable energy, and green hydrogen, alongside traditional focus areas like water, agriculture, health, and security. Veldkamp’s visit is expected to further bolster these areas and open new channels for bilateral cooperation. The discussions also covered global and regional developments of mutual interest, reflecting the strategic partnership between the two countries, stated the press release.

The visit is also significant in the context of ongoing efforts to strengthen the India-Netherlands relationship, which spans over 75 years. Jaishankar expressed his pleasure in meeting Veldkamp, stating, “Delighted to meet FM Caspar Veldkamp of Netherlands this evening. Discussed our growing bilateral cooperation, including in trade, investments, innovation, water, agriculture, health, security, and people-to-people ties.” He added, “Explored new possibilities in semiconductors, green hydrogen, education, and talent flows. Also spoke about global strategic developments and the significance of multipolarity.”

Foreign Minister Veldkamp echoed these sentiments, underlining the importance of strengthening cooperation between India and the Netherlands, particularly in light of today’s complex geopolitical reality. “I look forward to visiting India. I will speak there with Foreign Minister EAM Jaishankar and NSA Ajit Doval, amongst others. Considering today’s geopolitical reality, it is important for both the Netherlands and India to strengthen our cooperation and deepen our relationship,” he wrote on X. The visit further underscores the strong diplomatic ties between the two countries, which were officially established in 1947. It follows a successful 75 years of diplomatic relations, with high-level interactions and continued collaboration in various sectors.

Why it matters to India

The Netherlands Foreign Minister’s visit signifies the importance India places on strengthening its bilateral relationship with the Netherlands. The focus on expanding cooperation in trade, investments, defence, and innovation aligns with India’s strategic priorities for economic growth and development. Exploring new avenues in semiconductors, digital technologies, renewable energy, and green hydrogen reflects India’s interest in collaborating on future-oriented sectors. The discussions on global and regional developments also provide India with a platform to address shared concerns and strengthen its strategic partnerships in a complex geopolitical environment.

What happened?

India is providing aid to Myanmar following a 7.7 magnitude earthquake. External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar announced that Indian Naval Ship INS Ghariyal departed with 442 metric tonnes of food, and an Indian Army field hospital unit is operational in Mandalay. The Indian Air Force also sent 16 tonnes of aid. The army field hospital has 200 beds. The earthquake caused over 2,000 deaths and 3,900 injuries in Myanmar.

Why it matters to India

India’s aid demonstrates its commitment to assisting Myanmar and strengthens regional ties during a crisis.

What happened?

The Indian Air Force (IAF) will participate in Exercise INIOCHOS-25, a multi-national air exercise hosted by the Hellenic Air Force. The exercise will take place at Andravida Air Base, Greece, from 31 March 2025 to 11 April 2025. The IAF contingent will include Su-30 MKI fighters along with combat enabler IL-78 and C-17 aircraft. INIOCHOS is a biennial multinational air exercise that provides a platform for air forces to enhance skills, exchange tactical knowledge, and strengthen military ties. The exercise will integrate multiple air and surface assets from 15 countries under realistic combat scenarios.  

Why it matters to India

IAF’s participation in Exercise INIOCHOS-25 demonstrates India’s commitment to international cooperation and enhancing its operational capabilities. The exercise provides an opportunity to train in combined air operations, refine tactics in complex air warfare scenarios, and gain insights into operational best practices. This engagement strengthens India’s strategic partnerships and bolsters its capabilities in joint operations with friendly nations, contributing to its defence preparedness.

What happened?

The central government has announced the establishment of the second National Gene Bank (NGB) to ensure long-term food and nutritional security. This initiative, under the “Investing in Innovations” theme of the Union Budget 2025-26, aims to conserve 10 lakh crop germplasm. Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, Bhagirath Choudhary, shared this information in a written response to the Rajya Sabha on Friday. The first National Gene Bank, at the ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) in New Delhi, is the second-largest gene bank in the world, holding 4,71,561 accessions from 2,157 species. These plant genetic resources are crucial for crop improvement and genetic resource management. The new Gene Bank will feature state-of-the-art infrastructure to expand India’s capacity to conserve a wider variety of plant germplasm.  

Why it matters to India

The establishment of the second National Gene Bank is a significant step towards preserving genetic diversity and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This initiative strengthens India’s efforts to ensure food security and nutritional self-sufficiency in the face of future challenges. By conserving a wider variety of plant germplasm, India can enhance its agricultural resilience and maintain its position in global biodiversity conservation.

What happened?

Following the earthquake in Myanmar and Thailand on 28 March 2025, the Indian government launched Operation Brahma to provide assistance to Myanmar. The HADR efforts are being carried out under the Ministry of External Affairs’ direction, in conjunction with Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff, Indian Army, Indian Air Force and NDRF. Indian Navy ships Satpura and Savitri from the Eastern Naval Command sailed for Yangon on 29 March 2025 as part of the Indian Navy’s immediate response. Indian Navy Ships Karmuk and LCU 52 from the Andaman and Nicobar Command will also sail for Yangon on 30 March 2025 to assist in the HADR operations. Approximately 52 tons of relief material, including HADR pallets with essential clothing, drinking water, food, medicines, and emergency stores, have been loaded onto these ships.  

Why it matters to India

Operation Brahma demonstrates India’s role as a ‘First Responder’ in the region. Providing timely humanitarian assistance to Myanmar reflects India’s commitment to its neighbour and strengthens bilateral relations. This operation also highlights the Indian Navy’s capability to quickly deploy resources for disaster relief, enhancing India’s image as a reliable partner in regional security and stability.

What happened?

Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri spoke with US Deputy Secretary of State Christopher Landau on 28 March 2025. The Foreign Secretary Mistri, congratulated Deputy Secretary Landau on his recent confirmation by the US Senate. The discussion highlighted the deepening convergence of India-US strategic interests and the significance of the India-US Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership. They also discussed growing bilateral trade, defence and technology cooperation, and issues relating to mobility and migration. Both sides agreed to remain engaged on matters of mutual concern. Foreign Secretary Misri invited Deputy Secretary Landau to visit India.  

Why it matters to India:

This meeting underscores the importance India places on its strategic relationship with the US. The discussions on trade, defence, and technology cooperation indicate India’s focus on strengthening key pillars of this partnership to advance its economic and security interests. The engagement also provides a platform for India to address issues related to mobility and migration, which are important for people-to-people ties and professional exchanges.

What happened?

India reaffirmed its commitment to regional cooperation in disaster management following the devastating earthquakes that struck Myanmar and Thailand. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) highlighted the BIMSTEC region’s vulnerability to natural disasters, underscoring the importance of collaboration in disaster preparedness and relief efforts.

Why it matters to India

India sees the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) as a key platform for regional disaster management cooperation. With the region frequently facing cyclones, tsunamis, and earthquakes, India prioritises joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) exercises to strengthen response mechanisms.
India’s proactive role is evident in its swift response to the 7.7-magnitude earthquake, showcasing its commitment to being the first responder in the neighbourhood during natural disasters.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit Thailand and Sri Lanka from April 3 to 6 at the invitation of their respective leaders. During the visit, he will participate in the 6th BIMSTEC Summit in Bangkok on April 4, engaging with regional leaders to enhance cooperation under the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). This will be the first in-person BIMSTEC summit since the 4th Summit in Kathmandu in 2018. The event will focus on security, trade, connectivity, food security, and capacity building under the theme “BIMSTEC – Prosperous, Resilient, and Open.”

On April 3, PM Modi is set to hold bilateral discussions with Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra, reviewing bilateral relations and exploring opportunities for enhanced cooperation.

Following the BIMSTEC Summit, PM Modi will visit Sri Lanka from April 4 to 6, meeting with President Anura Kumara Dissanayaka. Both leaders will assess progress on key initiatives under the “Joint Vision for Fostering Partnerships for a Shared Future.” PM Modi will also visit Anuradhapura to inaugurate several development projects financed by India.

Why it matters to India

India sees BIMSTEC as a crucial regional platform to strengthen economic and security cooperation with South and Southeast Asian nations. The summit provides an opportunity for India to reinforce its leadership in regional connectivity, trade, and security frameworks. Strengthening ties with Thailand and Sri Lanka is key to India’s Act East and Neighbourhood First policies, ensuring deeper economic integration and strategic collaboration. PM Modi’s visit will also help enhance historical and cultural ties, while advancing India’s role as a key development partner in the region.

What happened?

The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy successfully flight-tested the indigenously-developed Vertically-Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VLSRSAM) on 26 March 2025 at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha. The missile, launched from a land-based vertical launcher, destroyed a high-speed aerial target at close range and low altitude, demonstrating its agility and precision. The test validated the missile’s Near-Boundary-Low Altitude capability. The system’s performance, including its indigenous Radio Frequency seeker, Multi-Function Radar, and Weapon Control System, was confirmed through flight data from range instruments. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh praised the test, highlighting the missile’s potential as a force multiplier for the Indian Navy.

Why it matters to India

The successful VLSRSAM test significantly boosts India’s indigenous defence capabilities, enhancing the Indian Navy’s combat preparedness against aerial threats. The missile’s precision and low-altitude interception capabilities are particularly critical for maritime operations, providing enhanced protection for naval vessels. The test also underscores India’s growing self-reliance in developing advanced missile systems, reducing dependence on foreign defence technologies. Furthermore, the successful deployment of indigenous components, such as the Radio Frequency seeker and Multi-Function Radar, highlights DRDO’s technological advancements, reinforcing India’s position as a key player in defence innovation.

What happened?

On the occasion of Bangladesh’s National Day on 26 March 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi sent a letter to Muhammad Yunus, Chief Adviser to Bangladesh’s interim government, reaffirming India’s commitment to strengthening bilateral ties. PM Modi highlighted the shared history of the 1971 Liberation War as the foundation of the partnership and stressed the importance of ‘mutual sensitivity’ in the relationship. President Droupadi Murmu also extended greetings to her Bangladeshi counterpart, Mohammed Shahabuddin, expressing India’s support for a democratic and progressive Bangladesh. The message comes amid strained ties following the ousting of Sheikh Hasina’s Awami League government and the formation of the interim administration led by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus.

Why it matters to India

India’s outreach to Bangladesh amid political uncertainty underscores its strategic interest in ensuring stability in the neighbourhood. With reports of attacks on minorities in Bangladesh, New Delhi has expressed concern over the situation, viewing the safety of minorities as a regional security issue. The emphasis on ‘mutual sensitivity’ reflects India’s bid to maintain influence and protect its strategic interests, including connectivity initiatives, trade relations, and cross-border security cooperation. As Bangladesh remains a key partner in India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy, fostering diplomatic ties with the interim government is crucial for regional stability and protecting India’s economic and security interests.

What happened?

India and China agreed to gradually resume dialogue mechanisms, focusing on each other’s priority areas of interest and concern, during a meeting in Beijing on 26 March 2025. Gourangalal Das, Joint Secretary (East Asia) at India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), held talks with Liu Jinsong, Director General of the Department of Asian Affairs at China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Both sides reviewed the progress made since the October 2024 meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Xi Jinping in Kazan. They discussed measures to stabilise relations, including enhancing people-to-people exchanges, resuming direct flights, and increasing media and think tank collaboration. The two sides also made headway towards restarting the Kailash Manasarovar Yatra pilgrimage in 2025.

Why it matters to India

The step-by-step resumption of dialogue is significant for India, as it aims to stabilise strained ties with China amid ongoing border tensions. The discussions on enhancing people-to-people exchanges and restoring direct flights indicate a willingness to normalise relations gradually. Progress on the Kailash Manasarovar Yatra is particularly noteworthy, as it holds religious and cultural significance for Indian pilgrims. Additionally, the focus on resuming diplomatic dialogue channels could help address border issues along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), offering a platform for de-escalation and confidence-building measures. Strengthened bilateral cooperation also aligns with India’s broader regional diplomacy efforts.

What happened?

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) held brainstorming sessions with over 50 start-ups and Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) on 24–25 March 2025 at South Block in New Delhi. The sessions, chaired by Secretary (Defence Production) Sanjeev Kumar, focused on identifying challenges, exploring opportunities, and supporting defence innovation. The participating ventures, many of which are linked to the Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) initiative, showcased their work in emerging technology domains such as space technologies, quantum computing, electronic warfare, drones, artificial intelligence, radar systems, cyber security, and advanced materials. The MoD stated that the insights gained would help refine policies and encourage deeper participation of start-ups in defence technology development.

Why it matters to India

The MoD’s engagement with MSMEs and start-ups is crucial for accelerating defence innovation and enhancing India’s self-reliance in critical technology sectors. By fostering collaboration with deep-tech ventures, the government aims to drive the development of advanced defence capabilities, reducing dependence on foreign technologies. The focus on emerging technologies such as AI, quantum computing, and electronic warfare has strategic significance, as these fields are vital for modernising India’s military. The initiative also strengthens the Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision by promoting domestic defence manufacturing and boosting the innovation ecosystem, offering growth opportunities for MSMEs and start-ups.

What happened?

Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Upendra Dwivedi highlighted the evolving nature of warfare and the need for jointness and synergy among the Indian Armed Forces during his address at the Defence Services Staff College (DSSC) in Wellington. Speaking to student officers undergoing the 80th Staff Course and the permanent staff, he emphasised the importance of professional military education in enhancing operational preparedness and decision-making capabilities. The COAS also called for greater adaptability, technological integration, and proactive responses to emerging security threats. During his visit, he interacted with faculty members on military strategy and leadership development. He also recognised the contributions of veterans from Wellington Military Station with the Veteran Achievers Award.

Why it matters to India

General Dwivedi’s emphasis on jointness and technological integration reflects India’s strategic push towards modernising its defence capabilities. With warfare becoming increasingly technology-driven, enhanced coordination among the tri-services is essential for operational effectiveness. His call for innovation and adaptability underscores the growing need for India’s armed forces to stay ahead of emerging threats, including cyber warfare and hybrid conflicts. The DSSC’s focus on grooming future military leaders through inter-service cooperation is vital for strengthening India’s defence preparedness. The recognition of veterans also highlights the military’s commitment to honouring service contributions, fostering morale and unity within the forces.

What happened?

The Third Session of the India-Uganda Joint Trade Committee (JTC) was held in New Delhi on 25-26 March 2025, marking a key step in strengthening bilateral trade relations after a gap of 23 years. Both sides agreed to explore Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) in key sectors such as public works, agriculture, traditional medicine, and tele-medicine. They identified areas to boost trade, including minerals, coffee, pulses, spices, dairy products, and critical minerals like Rare Earth Elements (REE). The session also discussed forming an India-Uganda Joint Business Forum to foster industry-level engagement. On the sidelines, the Ugandan delegation visited the Noida SEZ to gain insights into India’s industrial and export ecosystem.

Why it matters to India

The revival of the India-Uganda JTC signals a renewed push for economic cooperation with Africa, a region rich in natural resources and growing market potential. By exploring MoUs in healthcare, agriculture, and infrastructure, India aims to expand its economic footprint and strengthen diplomatic ties. The focus on minerals, including REEs, is significant for India’s strategic interests, given the global competition for these critical resources. Enhanced trade in pulses, spices, and dairy products could also benefit Indian exporters, fostering deeper economic ties. The proposed Joint Business Forum offers a platform to streamline investments and promote private sector collaboration, boosting trade volumes and creating new opportunities for Indian businesses.

What happened?

On March 25, 2025, the 10th BRICS Policy Planning Dialogue concluded in Brasília, Brazil. The two-day event, held from March 24-25, brought together policy planners from Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, alongside representatives from the recently expanded BRICS membership. The dialogue focused on pressing global geopolitical challenges, bloc expansion, and regional developments.

The Indian delegation was led by Raghuram S, Joint Secretary of Policy Planning and Research at the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). The discussions covered global health cooperation, international trade and financial dynamics, climate action, artificial intelligence governance, and reforms to multilateral peace and security frameworks. Brazil, the current BRICS President, hosted the event, reaffirming its leadership in steering the bloc towards addressing contemporary challenges and fostering deeper collaboration among member states.

Why it matters to India

The BRICS Policy Planning Dialogue is crucial for India as it shapes the bloc’s strategic direction and agenda for the upcoming BRICS Summit later this year. With the recent expansion of BRICS, including Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, India stands to gain from enhanced trade, investment opportunities, and stronger multilateral cooperation. The emphasis on global health, climate action, and AI governance aligns with India’s priorities, offering a platform to advocate for its interests on the global stage.

What happened?

On March 25, 2025, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture called for immediate attention to address shipping challenges arising from geopolitical disruptions. The committee recommended the establishment of a dedicated Maritime Response Unit to handle contingencies along key shipping routes and proposed a comprehensive digital tracking platform for real-time container monitoring.

The panel also urged the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways to clarify the long-term strategic vision for the disinvestment-bound Shipping Corporation of India (SCI), which has faced delays in the disinvestment process. It called for a structured transition plan to safeguard India’s commercial shipping capabilities. The committee further recommended performance-based funding for the Sagarmala Programme, linking investments to measurable economic growth and employment generation outcomes.

Why it matters to India

Addressing shipping challenges is crucial for India’s trade and economic stability. With rising maritime threats and container shortages affecting Asia-Europe shipments, real-time tracking and a response unit will reduce trade disruptions. The call for a clear strategy on SCI’s disinvestment highlights concerns over India’s maritime competitiveness and the need for a structured transition plan. Enhancing port capacity and linking Sagarmala investments to performance-based outcomes will improve efficiency and drive sustainable growth in India’s maritime sector.

What happened?

On March 25, 2025, Minister of State for Commerce and Industry Jitin Prasada informed the Lok Sabha that India and the United States are working to increase market access, lower import duties, and remove non-tariff barriers as part of the proposed bilateral trade agreement.

Prasada stated that, as of now, the United States has not imposed reciprocal tariffs on India, although the deadline for their implementation is April 2, 2025. His statement comes ahead of the visit by US trade officials from March 25-29 to discuss the agreement. The talks aim to enhance supply chain integration and reduce trade frictions. India is also reportedly considering tariff cuts on over half of US imports, worth USD 23 billion, to prevent retaliatory measures.

Why it matters to India

Strengthening trade ties with the United States is strategically important for India’s economic growth. Expanding market access and reducing tariffs will benefit Indian exporters, boosting revenue and creating jobs. The trade negotiations are also vital to shielding India’s USD 66 billion exports to the US from potential tariff hikes. By fostering deeper supply chain integration, India can enhance its economic resilience amid rising global protectionism. Successful negotiations will help India secure fairer trade terms, safeguarding its economic interests.

What happened?

On March 25, 2025, India and China held the 33rd meeting of the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC) in Beijing. The Indian delegation was led by Gourangalal Das, Joint Secretary (East Asia) at the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), while the Chinese side was represented by Hong Liang, Director General of the Boundary and Oceanic Affairs Department at the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The two sides comprehensively reviewed the situation along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and discussed measures to maintain peace and stability. They agreed to strengthen diplomatic and military communication channels and explored proposals to implement decisions made during the 23rd meeting of the Special Representatives on the India-China Boundary Question held in December 2024. The delegations also exchanged views on resuming cross-border cooperation, including trans-border rivers management and the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra.

Why it matters to India

The WMCC meeting is significant as it reflects ongoing efforts by India and China to stabilise border relations following recent tensions. Maintaining peace along the LAC is crucial for bilateral relations and regional stability. The resumption of the Kailash-Mansarovar Yatra holds cultural and religious importance for Indian pilgrims. Furthermore, agreements on cross-border cooperation, including river management, are vital for India’s water security. Strengthening diplomatic and military communication channels is key to preventing border incidents and de-escalating future tensions.

What happened?

India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has doubled in size over the last ten years, according to the latest data released by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The data revealed that India’s GDP at current prices stood at USD 2.1 trillion in 2015 and is projected to reach USD 4.27 trillion by the end of 2025, marking a 100 per cent increase.

The IMF reported that India’s real GDP growth rate for 2025 is 6.5 per cent, making it one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Inflation is expected to remain at 4.1 per cent, within the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) target range of 4 to 6 per cent. The IMF also highlighted that India’s GDP per capita, in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), is estimated at USD 11,940. However, the report noted that India’s general government gross debt stands at 82.6 per cent of GDP, indicating fiscal challenges despite strong growth.

Why it matters to India

India’s doubling of GDP underscores its robust economic expansion over the past decade, driven by domestic consumption, services growth, and infrastructure investments. The 6.5 per cent real GDP growth rate reflects the country’s resilience amid global uncertainties. However, the high public debt poses a challenge to fiscal stability, potentially limiting the government’s flexibility for future spending. The improvement in GDP per capita signals rising individual prosperity, though income inequality remains a concern. Maintaining inflation within RBI’s target range is critical for preserving purchasing power and sustaining economic momentum.

What happened?

India’s defence production reached an all-time high of ₹1.27 lakh crore in the financial year 2024-25, with exports covering more than 90 countries. The record-breaking figures highlight the growing strength of India’s indigenous defence manufacturing sector. The government’s push for self-reliance under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative and policies promoting domestic defence procurement have significantly boosted production. The export portfolio includes major platforms such as artillery guns, armoured vehicles, coastal surveillance systems, and avionics equipment.

Why it matters to India:

The record defence production underscores India’s growing self-sufficiency in defence manufacturing, reducing its reliance on foreign suppliers. By exporting to over 90 countries, India is enhancing its position as a reliable global arms supplier, strengthening its strategic influence. The boost in defence exports also contributes to India’s economic growth by generating revenue and creating jobs. Moreover, the expansion of indigenous capabilities aligns with India’s long-term goal of becoming a defence manufacturing hub, promoting technology advancement and fostering innovation in the sector.

What happened?

On March 25, 2025, India and Singapore signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) to cooperate on maritime digitalisation and decarbonisation. The agreement was signed by Teo Eng Dih, Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, and R. Lakshmanan, Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways of India. The partnership aims to establish a Singapore-India Green and Digital Shipping Corridor (GDSC) to develop and adopt zero or near-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission technologies. Both sides will collaborate on projects related to green marine fuels and digital solutions for sustainable shipping.

Why it matters to India

The India-Singapore maritime cooperation is a significant step towards sustainable shipping practices. As a major maritime nation, India’s collaboration with Singapore—a global transshipment and bunkering hub—positions it at the forefront of green shipping technologies. The partnership will enhance India’s capabilities in maritime digitalisation, improving operational efficiency and reducing emissions. By promoting green marine fuels and digital solutions, India can strengthen its role in the global maritime sector while advancing its environmental goals. The initiative also aligns with India’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint under the Paris Agreement.

What happened?

India’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations (UN), P. Harish, called for reforms to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) during a debate on peacekeeping operations. Harish argued that peacekeeping cannot be the sole solution to conflicts and must be backed by political resolutions. He highlighted India’s willingness to offer specialised peacekeeping training through the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK), which has trained peacekeepers for over two decades. The UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres also emphasised the need for realistic mandates and viable exit strategies for peacekeeping missions.

Why it matters to India

India’s demand for UNSC reform aligns with its long-standing push for greater representation in global governance. With over 240,000 Indian personnel contributing to UN peacekeeping missions, India is a key stakeholder in peace operations. Reforming the UNSC to reflect current geopolitical realities would enhance India’s diplomatic influence and ensure its voice is heard on global security issues. By offering advanced peacekeeping training, India strengthens its position as a leader in peace operations, enhancing its soft power and credibility in multilateral forums.

What happened?

Chilean President Gabriel Boric Font will visit India from April 1 to 6, 2025, to strengthen bilateral cooperation. During the visit, he will meet President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Delhi, focusing on space, technology, and critical minerals cooperation. He will also travel to Mumbai to promote investment ties and Bengaluru to explore technology collaboration. The visit follows the two leaders’ first in-person meeting at the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro in November 2024. Both sides will review the India-Chile Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) and discuss its expansion into a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).

Why it matters to India

Chile’s visit is strategically important for India’s energy transition and technology ambitions. As a major global supplier of lithium and copper—essential for electric vehicle (EV) batteries and renewable energy storage—Chile is a key partner in India’s green energy plans. Strengthened trade ties with Chile will also enhance India’s access to critical minerals, reducing its dependence on China and other dominant suppliers. Furthermore, expanding the PTA into a CEPA could boost bilateral trade beyond the current $2.7 billion mark, offering India greater market access in Latin America. Chile’s support for India’s bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adds diplomatic value to the relationship.

What happened?

The Indian Navy will conduct its first-ever joint maritime exercise with African nations, named Africa India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME), from mid-April 2025. Co-hosted by the Indian Navy and the Tanzania People’s Defence Force, the exercise will take place in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will inaugurate the event, which will feature participation from Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa. The two-phase drill will include harbour-based tabletop simulations on piracy, command post exercises, and training in Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure (VBSS) operations. The sea phase will feature search and rescue (SAR) operations, small arms firing, and helicopter manoeuvres.

Why it matters to India

The AIKEYME exercise is strategically significant for India’s maritime security and diplomatic outreach in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). By collaborating with African nations, India aims to enhance its influence and build stronger security partnerships in the region. The exercise also reinforces India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) policy, which promotes regional stability through maritime cooperation. Furthermore, the Indian Navy’s Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) Sagar initiative, involving joint surveillance of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) with African partners, strengthens India’s role as the Preferred Security Partner and First Responder in the IOR. The enhanced interoperability with African navies will improve India’s ability to combat piracy, illegal trafficking, and unregulated fishing, safeguarding its maritime trade routes.

What happened?

On March 22, 2025, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar delivered a keynote address at the Business Today Vucanomics 2025 event in Mumbai. He emphasised India’s strategy to navigate a volatile global economy marked by trade wars, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical conflicts. Jaishankar highlighted India’s focus on building resilient supply chains, enhancing digital security, and strengthening its energy partnerships. He also underscored India’s diplomatic efforts to promote business interests globally, including trade agreements with the EU, UK, and the US, as well as new negotiations with New Zealand.

Why it matters to India

Jaishankar’s address reflects India’s proactive foreign policy aimed at boosting its economic resilience amid global uncertainties. By diversifying supply chains and negotiating strategic trade agreements, India seeks to secure its economic interests and expand its market presence. Strengthening energy partnerships and digital infrastructure is vital for India’s long-term economic growth and technological leadership. His emphasis on diplomacy-driven business promotion highlights India’s ambition to position itself as a key player in shaping the global economic order, with a focus on Viksit Bharat (Developed India) as the overarching goal.

What happened?

Assistant US Trade Representative for South and Central Asia, Brendan Lynch, will visit Delhi from March 25-29, 2025, for bilateral trade negotiations with Indian officials, including Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal. The visit comes ahead of the April 2 tariff deadline imposed by US President Donald Trump as part of his “America First” policy. The US is pushing India to reduce tariffs, citing its trade surplus with the US. Both nations are working towards finalising the first tranche of a multi-sector Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) by the fall of 2025, aiming to double bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030.

Why it matters to India

Lynch’s visit holds strategic significance as India seeks to protect its trade interests amid US tariff pressures. Negotiating a favourable BTA is crucial for India to secure better market access for its exports while reducing trade barriers. Strengthened trade ties with the US would boost Indian industries, attract investments, and promote job creation. Moreover, reducing tariff uncertainties will enhance supply chain resilience and safeguard India’s economic stability amid rising global protectionism. The visit also signals the deepening of India-US diplomatic ties, reinforcing India’s role as a key partner in the Indo-Pacific region.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar met with Commonwealth Secretary General-elect Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey, former Foreign Minister of Ghana, in New Delhi on March 21, 2025. During the meeting, Jaishankar emphasized the need for the Commonwealth to become more representative, efficient, and reflective of its members’ views. He called for reforms to make the institution more contemporary and transparent, aligning it with the aspirations of its diverse membership.

Why does it matter to India

India’s call for a more representative Commonwealth highlights its push for greater equity in global institutions. As a founding member and a major voice in the Commonwealth, India seeks reforms that better reflect the priorities and concerns of the Global South. Strengthening its influence within the Commonwealth enhances India’s diplomatic leverage and reinforces its leadership role in shaping multilateral governance.

What happened?

Spotify’s Loud & Clear 2025 Report highlighted record growth for Indian artists in international markets. Nearly 50% of royalties generated by Indian artists in 2024 came from overseas listeners, a significant increase from 40% in 2023. The report also revealed that the number of Indian artists earning over ₹50 lakh annually from Spotify has more than doubled since 2022, while those earning over ₹1 crore have tripled. Indian music’s global reach expanded, with Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu music witnessing significant growth.

Why it matters to India

The growing global popularity of Indian music reflects the country’s expanding cultural influence. Increased royalty earnings benefit Indian artists financially, promoting the growth of the independent music industry. The rising international demand for regional music highlights India’s rich musical diversity, opening new opportunities for cross-border collaborations and strengthening India’s cultural soft power.

What happened?

Southeast Asian nation Timor-Leste inaugurated its embassy in New Delhi on March 20, 2025, marking a significant step in bilateral relations. The decision follows Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s announcement at the ASEAN-India Summit in Jakarta in September 2023, where he committed to opening an Indian embassy in Dili, Timor-Leste. The reciprocal opening of embassies highlights growing diplomatic and economic ties. Timor-Leste’s Charge d’Affaires Francisco Fernandes praised India’s leadership, highlighting potential cooperation in petroleum, gas, tourism, and logistics. Both nations aim to strengthen connectivity through a future air services agreement, facilitating direct flights between Delhi and Dili.

Why it matters to India

Timor-Leste’s embassy inauguration strengthens India’s diplomatic outreach in Southeast Asia, enhancing its influence in the region. With Timor-Leste set to join ASEAN, deeper ties will promote India’s Act East Policy and expand trade and investment opportunities. Collaboration in energy and tourism will create new avenues for Indian businesses, while improved connectivity will boost people-to-people exchanges.

What happened?

The central government is reviewing nuclear laws to accelerate India’s nuclear energy capacity under the 100 GWe Nuclear Energy Mission, which aims to deploy 100 gigawatts of nuclear power by 2047. Union Minister for Science and Technology Jitendra Singh informed Parliament that dedicated task forces have been constituted to examine amendments to the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act. The task forces, comprising representatives from the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), are exploring private sector participation in nuclear projects. The initiative also focuses on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), with the government allocating ₹20,000 crore in the Union Budget 2025 for deploying five SMRs by 2033.

Why it matters to India

The review of nuclear laws marks a major policy shift, enabling private sector participation in nuclear energy, which was previously restricted. This will accelerate India’s clean energy transition, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and support its Net Zero emissions target by 2070. SMRs offer a scalable and efficient solution for power generation in remote areas, aiding decarbonisation efforts. The move also strengthens India’s energy security by boosting domestic power production.

What happened?

The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) latest remittance survey for 2023-24 revealed that the United States has overtaken the UAE as India’s largest source of inward remittances. The US accounted for 27.7% of total remittances, while the UAE’s share fell to 19.2%. The shift reflects a rising trend of skilled Indian migrants moving to advanced economies, with the US, UK, Singapore, Canada, and Australia collectively contributing more than half of India’s remittances. The survey also highlighted Maharashtra, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu as the top recipient states, with Maharashtra receiving the largest share at 20.5%.

Why it matters to India

The growing share of remittances from advanced economies reflects India’s increasing global workforce mobility and higher-earning migrants. The shift boosts foreign exchange inflows, contributing to India’s economic stability. The dominance of digital transfers, which accounted for 73.5% of remittances, indicates greater financial inclusion and reduced transaction costs, enhancing India’s position in the global remittance market.

What happened?

The Union Defence Ministry is set to sign a ₹7,000 crore deal next week for the procurement of 307 indigenous Advanced Towed Artillery Gun Systems (ATAGS). The contract will be awarded to Bharat Forge, which emerged as the lowest bidder (L1), receiving 60% of the deal, while Tata Advanced Systems will receive 40%. The deal comes after years of development and rigorous trials of the ATAGS, which boasts a firing range of up to 45 km with Extended Range Full Bore Base Bleed (ERFB BB) ammunition. The procurement aims to modernise the Indian Army’s artillery capabilities, replacing ageing systems with advanced indigenous firepower.

Why it matters to India

The ATAGS deal marks a major step in India’s defence indigenisation and self-reliance efforts under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Strengthening the Army’s artillery capabilities with domestically manufactured guns enhances India’s operational preparedness and reduces dependency on foreign weapon systems. The deal also boosts India’s defence manufacturing sector, creating jobs and driving technological advancements.

What happened?

India and the Philippines reaffirmed their commitment to expanding cooperation in energy, maritime security, artificial intelligence (AI), and trade as they celebrate 75 years of diplomatic ties. During the Raisina Dialogue, Philippines Foreign Affairs Secretary Enrique Manalo met with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, discussing connectivity, maritime collaboration, and strengthening India-ASEAN ties. Both sides highlighted plans to establish a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) to boost bilateral trade and diversify commercial relations. The Philippines also invited India to invest in its nickel sector, a move aimed at reducing Manila’s dependency on Chinese buyers.

Why it matters to India

Deepening ties with the Philippines strengthens India’s presence in the Indo-Pacific, advancing its strategic interests amid regional power dynamics. Collaboration in maritime security enhances India’s influence in safeguarding critical sea lanes. The proposed PTA could open new trade opportunities, while cooperation in AI and cybersecurity reflects India’s growing technology footprint. India’s potential involvement in the Philippines’ nickel sector could diversify its supply chain, reducing reliance on traditional markets.

What happened?

The Government of India announced new initiatives under the IndiaAI Mission to promote AI skilling, innovation, and digital inclusivity. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) revealed that it received 67 proposals from startups and researchers for building indigenous AI models. As part of the initiative, the IndiaAI Innovation Centre launched a call for proposals in January 2025, focusing on Large Language Models (LLMs), Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), and domain-specific AI applications. The government also announced plans to establish Data and AI Labs in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities to promote regional AI education and innovation.

Why it matters to India

The expansion of the IndiaAI Mission strengthens India’s position as a global AI hub, driving technological advancement and digital transformation. By fostering indigenous AI capabilities, India reduces its dependency on foreign technology and enhances its digital sovereignty. The initiative also creates new skilling and employment opportunities, boosting innovation and productivity across sectors, including healthcare, education, and financial services.

What happened?

India and Malaysia held a ministerial-level bilateral meeting in New Delhi on March 18, 2025, to enhance trade and economic cooperation. Union Minister of State for Commerce & Industry and Electronics & Information Technology Jitin Prasada met with Malaysian Deputy Minister of Investment, Trade, and Industry Liew Chin Tong. The two sides discussed the ongoing review of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) and committed to expediting its conclusion by 2025. Key outcomes included agreements on boosting bilateral trade, market access, collaboration in the semiconductor industry, and cooperation in services. Both sides also addressed issues related to the Foreign Manufacturers Certification Scheme (FMCS) under the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

Why it matters to India

The meeting strengthens India’s trade ties with Malaysia, its third-largest ASEAN trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching USD 20.02 billion in 2023-24. Expediting the AITIGA review is crucial for enhancing India’s access to ASEAN markets, reducing trade barriers, and boosting exports. Cooperation in semiconductors and services aligns with India’s goal of becoming a global technology hub, while resolving trade issues under BIS regulations will streamline certification processes, benefiting Indian exporters.

What happened?

The Indian Navy and the French Navy began the 23rd edition of their bilateral naval exercise VARUNA on March 19, 2025, set to continue until March 22. The exercise, held in the Arabian Sea, features joint operations across underwater, surface, and air domains, showcasing growing naval interoperability. Key participants include India’s aircraft carrier INS Vikrant and France’s FS Charles de Gaulle, alongside fighter jets, destroyers, frigates, and an Indian Scorpene-class submarine. The exercise involves advanced air defence drills, mock air-to-air combat between Indian MiG-29Ks and French Rafale-Ms, anti-submarine warfare training, and replenishment-at-sea operations.

Why it matters to India

VARUNA 2025 underscores the deepening India-France strategic partnership in the maritime domain, enhancing joint operational capabilities. The exercise strengthens India’s naval interoperability with a key Indo-Pacific partner, boosting regional security. With both navies conducting complex manoeuvres, the drill reinforces India’s commitment to safeguarding a free, open, and secure maritime environment.

What happened?

India and Singapore are set to sign a Letter of Intent (LoI) to establish a Green Digital Shipping Corridor (GDSC), linking the Indian maritime sector to the global network. The LoI is expected to be signed during Shipping Minister Sarbananda Sonowal’s visit to Singapore next week for the Singapore Maritime Week (SMW), scheduled from March 24 to 28, 2025. The corridor aims to promote sustainable shipping practices by reducing carbon emissions through digital technologies and streamlined logistics. The partnership will also involve Indian ports, shipyards, and companies, which will participate in the SMW exhibition under the India Pavilion.

Why it matters to India

The proposed GDSC will strengthen India’s maritime sustainability efforts, enhancing its role in global green shipping initiatives. By integrating digital technologies, the corridor will improve efficiency, reduce emissions, and boost the competitiveness of India’s shipping sector. The collaboration with Singapore, a global maritime hub, will expand trade connectivity and promote India’s leadership in sustainable maritime practices.

What happened?

Sweden opened its third Business Sweden office in Mumbai on March 18, 2025, reinforcing its focus on India as a key trade and investment partner. Sweden’s Foreign Minister Maria Malmer Stenergard inaugurated the office, adding to existing branches in Delhi and Bengaluru. The expansion comes as India negotiates a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Union (EU). The new office aims to facilitate trade collaborations, promote Swedish investments in India, and support Indian companies entering the Swedish market. Nearly 300 Swedish companies currently operate in India, while over 70 Indian firms have invested in Sweden, generating 7,000 jobs.

Why it matters to India

Sweden’s expanded business presence reflects growing confidence in India’s economic potential. The new office will facilitate greater trade and investment flows, boosting cooperation in healthcare, infrastructure, green transition, and manufacturing. With the India-EU FTA on the horizon, Sweden’s deeper engagement could open new avenues for Indian businesses, enhancing bilateral economic cooperation.

What happened?

The National Mission on Monuments and Antiquities (NMMA) is leading India’s efforts to digitally preserve its cultural heritage. Launched in 2007, NMMA has digitised over 1.2 million antiquities and documented more than 11,400 sites and monuments. Under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act) of 1958, the initiative aims to systematically document and protect India’s historical and artistic treasures. The project also involves advanced technologies like 3D scanning and virtual reality to create immersive experiences and digital archives.

Why it matters to India

Digitising India’s cultural heritage enhances its preservation and accessibility for future generations. By creating a comprehensive digital archive, NMMA strengthens research, conservation, and public engagement with India’s rich historical legacy. The use of modern technologies ensures the protection of heritage sites, promotes cultural tourism, and reinforces India’s global leadership in heritage preservation.

What happened?

India and Australia held the 9th Defence Policy Talks in New Delhi on March 17, 2025, with a focus on maritime security, intelligence-sharing, and defence technology collaboration. Led by Joint Secretary Amitabh Prasad and Australia’s First Assistant Secretary Bernard Philip, the discussions reviewed the outcomes of recent ministerial-level dialogues and defence exercises. The two sides agreed on deepening cooperation in maritime domain awareness, reciprocal information sharing, and defence industry partnerships.

Why it matters to India

Strengthening defence ties with Australia reinforces India’s maritime security capabilities and Indo-Pacific engagement. Enhanced cooperation in intelligence-sharing and technology collaboration boosts India’s defence preparedness and regional influence. The talks also signal growing interoperability and strategic alignment between the two nations, contributing to regional stability and security.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with US Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard in New Delhi on March 18, 2025, to discuss deepening India-US cooperation in defence, critical technologies, and counterterrorism. Modi praised Gabbard’s role in strengthening bilateral ties and highlighted the importance of intelligence-sharing in tackling global challenges. The meeting, which follows Modi’s visit to Washington D.C. earlier this year, reaffirms India’s growing strategic collaboration with the US.

Why it matters to India

The meeting underscores the increasing depth of India-US security and intelligence cooperation, which is vital for tackling emerging threats, including terrorism and cyber warfare. Strengthened defence and technology ties with the US enhance India’s security capabilities and strategic deterrence. The visit also signals continuity in high-level engagements, reinforcing India’s position as a key US partner in the Indo-Pacific.

What happened?

Director General of Defence Intelligence Agency (DG DIA) Lt General DS Rana will visit Australia from March 19-21, 2025, to strengthen bilateral defence intelligence cooperation. During the visit, he will hold talks with senior Australian defence officials, including the Deputy Secretary of Defence, the Director General of National Intelligence (DGNI), and the Chief of Joint Operations. The discussions will focus on intelligence-sharing mechanisms, regional security coordination, and Indo-Pacific collaboration. Rana will also visit the Australian War Memorial and attend the Last Post Ceremony as a tribute to fallen soldiers.

Why it matters to India?

The visit highlights India’s growing strategic partnership with Australia, especially in defence intelligence sharing and maritime security cooperation. Strengthening intelligence cooperation with Australia enhances India’s ability to monitor regional threats, counter terrorism, and bolster Indo-Pacific stability. The exchange of expertise and best practices will improve India’s strategic preparedness and strengthen defence ties, reinforcing both nations’ commitment to peace and security in the region.

What happened?

New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon concluded his official visit to India from March 16-20, 2025, marking a significant milestone in bilateral ties. During the visit, Prime Minister Luxon held talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, addressing trade, defence, technology, and people-to-people cooperation. Key outcomes included the launch of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations, the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Defence Cooperation, and New Zealand joining the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI). The leaders also welcomed agreements on education, sports, and horticulture, along with a mutual recognition arrangement to facilitate smoother trade.

Why it matters to India

The visit elevated India-New Zealand ties by advancing economic, defence, and regional cooperation. The FTA negotiations signal greater trade opportunities, enhancing market access and deepening supply chain integration. Defence cooperation, including regular naval port calls and military exchanges, strengthens maritime security collaboration. New Zealand’s participation in the IPOI reinforces India’s Indo-Pacific strategy, promoting maritime stability and multilateral cooperation. Enhanced collaboration in education, sports, and agriculture expands opportunities for Indian students, professionals, and businesses, reflecting the growing significance of the bilateral relationship.

What happened?

India, under its presidency of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), is hosting the Quad Workshop on Pandemic Preparedness for the Indo-Pacific Region in New Delhi from March 17-19, 2025. The workshop, an outcome of the 6th Quad Leaders’ Summit, brings together senior health officials and technical experts from Quad nations—India, the United States, Japan, and Australia—as well as representatives from 15 Indo-Pacific countries and international health organizations. The discussions focus on improving global health governance, strengthening disease surveillance, and enhancing pandemic response coordination.

Why it matters to India

As a key player in global health security, India’s leadership in pandemic preparedness reinforces its commitment to shaping resilient health frameworks for the Indo-Pacific. Strengthening cooperation with Quad nations and regional partners enhances India’s ability to respond to future health crises, showcasing its role as a provider of global public goods. The initiative also highlights India’s advancements in vaccine development, medical research, and public health infrastructure, further cementing its position as a trusted leader in the health sector.

What happened?

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh met with US Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard in New Delhi on March 17, 2025, for discussions on enhancing bilateral defence and intelligence cooperation. The meeting focused on counterterrorism efforts, information sharing, and strengthening India-US strategic collaboration. A day earlier, National Security Advisor Ajit Doval also held talks with Gabbard on security partnerships. Gabbard is in India as part of a multi-nation visit and will participate in the Raisina Dialogue on March 18, where she is set to deliver a keynote conversation.

Why it matters to India

With India and the United States deepening their security and intelligence-sharing mechanisms, the discussions reflect a growing strategic partnership in addressing global security challenges. Strengthening intelligence cooperation is crucial for India’s counterterrorism framework, particularly amid evolving regional security concerns. The visit further cements India-US ties, reinforcing commitments made during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the US earlier this year.

What happened?

During New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon’s official visit to India, both nations announced the launch of negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on March 17, 2025. The discussions, led by India’s Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal and New Zealand’s Trade and Investment Minister Todd McClay, focus on enhancing market access, strengthening supply chains, and expanding cooperation in agriculture, services, and technology. The move follows multiple ministerial-level engagements over the past year, underscoring a shared commitment to deepening trade and investment ties.

Why it matters to India

A Free Trade Agreement with New Zealand could open new economic opportunities, particularly in key sectors such as technology, agri-business, and education. New Zealand’s expertise in dairy and sustainable agriculture complements India’s ambitions for food security and supply chain resilience. Strengthening trade ties with a Pacific nation aligns with India’s Indo-Pacific economic strategy, diversifying its trade partnerships and reducing dependency on traditional markets. The agreement also reflects India’s broader push for balanced and strategic trade pacts that align with its economic and geopolitical interests.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 10th Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi on March 17, 2025, setting the stage for high-level discussions on global geopolitics and geo-economics. Organised by the Ministry of External Affairs in collaboration with the Observer Research Foundation, the three-day conference brings together over 3,500 participants from 125 countries, including current and former heads of state, ministers, diplomats, and business leaders. New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon, on an official visit to India, delivered the keynote address as the Chief Guest. This year’s dialogue, themed “Kālachakra: People, Peace, Planet”, focuses on six key pillars, including trade, digital governance, climate action, and security challenges.

Why it matters to India:

The Raisina Dialogue has emerged as India’s premier platform for shaping global policy discourse, reinforcing its role as a strategic thought leader. Hosting high-profile international leaders and experts strengthens India’s diplomatic outreach, particularly in the Indo-Pacific. With discussions spanning economic security, technology, and multilateral governance, India is positioning itself as a key architect of global solutions, advocating for the interests of the Global South while engaging with major economies and international institutions.

What happened?

On March 12, 2025, India and Chile held their first Joint Working Group (JWG) meeting on Agriculture in a virtual format. The meeting was co-chaired by Ajeet Kumar Sahu, Joint Secretary (International Cooperation), Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, India, and Gabriel Layseca, Director, Bureau of Agricultural Studies and Policies (ODEPA), Chile. Discussions focused on strengthening bilateral cooperation in agriculture, market access, research collaboration, and capacity building. India highlighted key initiatives such as the Digital Agriculture Mission, the Lakhpati Didi Program, and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), while Chile expressed interest in deeper cooperation in horticulture and rural development.

Why it matters to India

As Chile is a major agricultural exporter in Latin America, closer ties with the country could facilitate technology exchange, investment in agri-business, and market access for Indian agricultural products. The collaboration supports India’s push for natural and organic farming, digital agriculture, and sustainable farming practices. Strengthening agricultural partnerships with Latin America aligns with India’s strategy to diversify its food security network and build resilient global supply chains.

What happened?

During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Mauritius on March 11-12, 2025, he and Mauritian Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam reaffirmed their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, highlighting cooperation in defence, trade, infrastructure, and capacity building. Both leaders underscored the significance of India’s development assistance, including projects such as the Metro Express, the Supreme Court Building, and the supply of 100 electric buses. Agreements were finalized to enhance maritime security, with India continuing to support Mauritius in safeguarding its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Discussions also focused on digital cooperation, space technology, and climate resilience, further strengthening bilateral ties.

Why it matters to India

Mauritius remains a crucial partner in India’s Indian Ocean strategy, serving as a strategic gateway for regional connectivity, trade, and security. The agreements bolster India’s influence in maritime security, economic engagement, and regional governance, reinforcing its role as a development partner in the Global South. Enhancing cooperation in digital infrastructure and climate action also aligns with India’s broader economic and geopolitical vision.

What happened?

Union Minister Jitendra Singh informed the Lok Sabha on March 12, 2025, that India has launched 393 foreign satellites and 3 Indian commercial satellites between January 2015 and December 2024, generating $143 million and €272 million (approximately $415 million) in revenue. The launches were carried out using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), and Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV). India has provided launch services to 34 countries, including the United States (232 satellites), the United Kingdom (83), Singapore (19), and Canada (8). The government has also initiated reforms such as establishing the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) to facilitate private sector participation, a ₹1,000 crore Venture Capital Fund for space startups, and a revised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy to attract global investments in India’s space sector.

Why it matters to India

India’s commercial space sector is rapidly expanding, positioning the country as a cost-effective and reliable satellite launch provider. By liberalizing the space sector and supporting private investment, India aims to increase its share in the $400 billion global space economy. Expanding its space capabilities strengthens national security, economic growth, and technological innovation, reinforcing India’s status as a key player in the global space industry.

What happened?

On March 13, 2025, Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy launched India’s first auction for Exploration Licences (ELs) for critical minerals in Dona Paula, Goa. The auction includes 13 exploration blocks across Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, and Karnataka, covering minerals such as rare earth elements (REEs), zinc, copper, diamonds, and platinum group elements (PGEs). This initiative follows the 2023 amendment to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR), allowing greater private sector participation in mineral exploration and production.

Why it matters to India

India currently imports most of its critical minerals, which are essential for electronics, renewable energy, and defence. By enabling private sector participation in exploration, India aims to reduce import dependency, boost self-reliance, and position itself as a global hub for mineral processing and manufacturing. This auction aligns with India’s broader efforts to secure supply chains, strengthen economic security, and accelerate green energy transitions.

What happened

The Commerce & Industry Ministry is refining its tariff reduction proposals for the next round of trade consultations with the US, following feedback from Washington that India’s initial offers were inadequate. Commerce & Industry Minister Piyush Goyal is expected to visit Washington DC again before April 2, 2025, when US President Donald Trump has threatened to impose reciprocal tariffs on countries with high import duties. India is in consultations with multiple ministries and industry bodies to balance US demands for steep concessions in sectors like textiles, electronics, and automobiles, while protecting its sensitive agricultural sector.

Why it matters to India

With India’s tariffs on US goods at 15.3% (2022) compared to 3.83% on Indian exports to the US, Washington is pressing for a macro, large-scale trade agreement rather than sector-specific negotiations. Given India’s $35 billion trade surplus with the US, avoiding punitive tariffs is critical to sustaining export growth. The upcoming negotiations will test India’s ability to balance economic liberalization with domestic sectoral protections, particularly in agriculture, while strengthening long-term India-US trade relations.

What happened

On March 12, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the ‘Mahasagar Vision’ (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) in Port Louis, Mauritius. This initiative focuses on trade, capacity building, and security cooperation across the Global South. The announcement came after Modi witnessed the signing of eight key agreements with Mauritius, covering maritime security, national currency trade, and public administration reforms. Modi recalled that India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision was first outlined in Mauritius a decade ago, reinforcing India’s longstanding commitment to regional stability.

Why it matters to India

With China increasing its influence in the Global South, India is positioning itself as a reliable and development-oriented partner. The Mahasagar Vision reinforces India’s commitment to regional security, economic growth, and sustainable development, further strengthening its diplomatic ties with Indian Ocean nations. By deepening strategic cooperation with Mauritius, India is securing its presence in a region critical to its maritime and economic interests.

What happened

On March 10, 2025, India and Sierra Leone held the 2nd Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) in New Delhi, co-chaired by Sevala Naik Mude, Additional Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs, and Alan C. E. Logan, Director General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Sierra Leone. Both sides reviewed trade, investment, pharmaceuticals, education, defence cooperation, and energy development. Sierra Leone expressed support for India’s candidature for the UN Security Council’s non-permanent seat for 2028-29 and agreed to expedite the process of joining the International Solar Alliance and Global Biofuels Alliance. The two sides also discussed India’s digital infrastructure initiative India Stack and explored its implementation in Sierra Leone.

Why it matters to India

Strengthening ties with Sierra Leone enhances India’s presence in Africa, a key region for trade, energy security, and strategic partnerships. With a threefold increase in bilateral trade over the last decade, India’s engagement in infrastructure, digital technology, and pharmaceuticals further cements its role as a reliable partner. Sierra Leone’s backing for India’s UN bid signals growing diplomatic support for India’s global aspirations.

What happened

During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Mauritius on March 11-12, 2025, India and Mauritius signed eight MoUs, covering key areas such as local currency trade, maritime security, financial crimes cooperation, and diplomatic training. Notable agreements include a Local Currency Settlement System between the Reserve Bank of India and the Bank of Mauritius, a Credit Facility Agreement for water infrastructure, and a Technical Agreement between the Indian Navy and the Mauritius Police Force for White Shipping Information sharing. PM Modi also inaugurated the Civil Service College and an Area Health Centre, both funded by India.

Why it matters to India

Mauritius remains a key partner in India’s Indian Ocean strategy, ensuring economic and security cooperation in a region of strategic importance. Agreements on financial transactions and maritime security enhance bilateral cooperation, reinforcing India’s role as a dependable development partner. The signing of these agreements underlines India’s proactive engagement in global governance, trade, and security initiatives.

What happened?

As part of Maritime India Vision 2030, the government has set a target to place India among the top 10 shipbuilding nations by 2030 and top 5 by 2047 under the Amrit Kaal Vision. On January 29, 2025, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways amended the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP) to encourage greater participation in shipbuilding. Other measures include the Green Tug Transition Programme (GTTP) and updated Right of First Refusal (RoFR) guidelines for vessel procurement to promote domestic shipyards.

Why it matters to India

A stronger shipbuilding industry enhances India’s maritime economy and reduces reliance on foreign-built vessels. The government’s push for indigenous shipbuilding under Make in India will create jobs, boost technological advancements, and improve India’s competitiveness in global ship manufacturing. Green initiatives align with India’s climate commitments, fostering sustainable maritime operations.

What happened?

During his visit to New Delhi on March 10, 2025, Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan reaffirmed Armenia’s interest in Indian-made defence equipment, including Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launchers. He held discussions with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to expand defence, trade, and education partnerships. Mirzoyan also expressed Armenia’s support for India’s position on Jammu and Kashmir and proposed enhanced student exchanges and direct flight connectivity between Yerevan and Delhi.

Why it matters to India?

Armenia’s growing defence ties with India reflect India’s emergence as a significant global arms supplier. Strengthening diplomatic and trade relations with Armenia enhances India’s geopolitical outreach in Eurasia. Expanding educational and business collaborations aligns with India’s broader diplomatic strategy, fostering deeper engagement in the region.

What happened?

On March 11, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Mauritius President Dharambeer Gokhool at the State House, reaffirming India-Mauritius relations. He attended Mauritius’ National Day celebrations as Chief Guest for the second time. In a symbolic gesture, PM Modi handed over OCI cards to the President and First Lady. He also visited the Ayurveda Garden, a collaborative initiative between India and Mauritius.

Why it matters to India

Mauritius remains a key partner in India’s outreach in the Indian Ocean region. Strengthening cultural and economic ties with Mauritius enhances India’s strategic influence in the region. Collaboration in Ayurveda and traditional medicine aligns with India’s push for global recognition of its medical heritage.

What happened?

The 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR-XII commenced on March 10, 2025, in Kyrgyzstan. Indian Army’s Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) and Kyrgyzstan’s Scorpion Brigade are participating. The exercise focuses on counterterrorism operations in urban and high-altitude terrains, advanced special forces skills, and cultural exchanges.

Why it matters to India

This exercise strengthens India’s defence ties with Kyrgyzstan, improving operational interoperability and strategic coordination. It enhances India’s counterterrorism capabilities and reinforces regional security cooperation in Central Asia, a region critical for India’s geopolitical interests.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s visit to the UK from March 4-9, 2025, strengthened the India-UK Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, focusing on trade, security, technology, and mobility. Discussions with Prime Minister Keir Starmer and Foreign Secretary David Lammy advanced negotiations on the India-UK Free Trade Agreement, with both sides reaffirming their commitment to reducing trade barriers and expanding market access. Security cooperation was also a key focus, particularly in addressing extremism and ensuring the safety of Indian diplomatic missions. The visit saw the inauguration of two new Indian consulates in Belfast and Manchester, which will enhance diplomatic outreach and engagement with the Indian diaspora. Talks also covered regional and global issues, including the Ukraine conflict, Indo-Pacific security, and deepening educational collaborations, highlighted by Queen’s University Belfast’s upcoming campus in Gujarat.

Why it matters to India

The visit was crucial in maintaining momentum in India-UK trade and economic cooperation, particularly in expediting the FTA, which is expected to boost market access for Indian businesses. Strengthening diplomatic ties through the new consulates will facilitate trade, investment, and people-to-people exchanges, further deepening bilateral engagement. Security discussions reinforced India’s concerns regarding threats to its missions in the UK, ensuring greater protection for Indian diplomats and addressing issues of extremism. The visit also positioned India as a key partner in the UK’s strategic vision, opening avenues for collaboration in technology, innovation, and higher education. By reinforcing India’s diplomatic, economic, and security interests, the visit underscored the growing significance of the India-UK partnership in an evolving global landscape.

What happened?

India and Cambodia held their 3rd Foreign Office Consultations in Siem Reap on March 10, 2025, led by senior foreign ministry officials. Discussions covered political ties, trade, defence, digital technology, and heritage conservation. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to expanding cooperation in regional and multilateral forums.

Why it matters to India

Cambodia is a key partner in India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy. Strengthening ties supports India’s strategic presence in Southeast Asia, enhances economic engagement, and reinforces India’s leadership in heritage conservation and regional diplomacy.

What happened?

New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon will visit India from March 16-20, 2025, marking his first official visit in office. He will meet Prime Minister Narendra Modi, attend the Raisina Dialogue as the Chief Guest, and engage with Indian business leaders in Mumbai. Talks are expected to focus on trade, defence, education, and an India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement.

Why it matters to India

The visit underscores India’s growing engagement with the Indo-Pacific and its commitment to expanding trade and strategic cooperation with New Zealand. Strengthening economic and educational ties could open new opportunities, particularly in agriculture, space technology, and the services sector.

What happened?

The Ministry of Defence has signed a $248 million contract with Rosoboronexport (RoE), Russian Federation, for the procurement of 1000 HP engines for T-72 tanks. The engines will be supplied in fully formed, completely knocked down, and semi-knocked down conditions. The deal also includes a Transfer of Technology (ToT) agreement with Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (Heavy Vehicle Factory), Avadi, Chennai, to facilitate integration and licensed production of the engines in India, aligning with the ‘Make in India’ initiative in the defence sector.

Why it matters to India

The T-72 is a key component of the Indian Army’s armored fleet, currently operating with 780 HP engines. Upgrading to 1000 HP engines will significantly enhance battlefield mobility and offensive capabilities. The inclusion of technology transfer strengthens India’s domestic defence manufacturing ecosystem, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers and reinforcing self-reliance in critical military hardware production. This procurement further bolsters India’s strategic capabilities in mechanized warfare.

What happened?

India and Singapore held the 18th round of Foreign Office Consultations on March 7, 2025, in Singapore. The Indian delegation was led by Jaideep Muzumdar, Secretary (East), Ministry of External Affairs, while the Singaporean side was headed by Luke Goh, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Discussions covered the six pillars of cooperation—Digitalization, Skills Development, Sustainability, Healthcare & Medicine, Advanced Manufacturing, and Connectivity—identified during the India-Singapore Ministerial Roundtable. Other key areas of discussion included defence, trade, investments, culture, and people-to-people exchanges. Both sides reviewed progress on implementing the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, announced during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Singapore in September 2024.

Why it matters to India

India and Singapore share a strong strategic partnership, and this consultation served as an important platform to strengthen bilateral cooperation across multiple sectors. As both countries celebrate 60 years of diplomatic relations in 2025, this meeting was timely in setting the roadmap for future engagements and high-level exchanges. The commitment to deepening economic and strategic ties enhances India’s presence in Southeast Asia, reinforcing its Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy. Both sides agreed to hold the next round of consultations in India at a mutually convenient time, further solidifying diplomatic engagement.

What happened?

Daniel Rogers, Director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), is set to visit India in mid-March for an annual intelligence gathering organized by India’s National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS). Rogers, who was appointed in February 2025, previously served as Deputy National Security and Intelligence Advisor to the Canadian Prime Minister. His visit comes at a time when India-Canada relations remain strained following allegations by former Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2023 regarding Indian involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar—claims that India rejected. The arrest of four Indian nationals by Canadian authorities in 2024, followed by diplomatic expulsions, further escalated tensions. However, Trudeau’s resignation in January 2025 and the upcoming leadership change in Canada’s Liberal Party may present an opportunity to reset bilateral ties.

Why it matters to India

The intelligence gathering event, now in its fourth year, reflects India’s role as a strategic player in global security discussions. With participation from Western allies, West Asian nations including Saudi Arabia, and Russia, the summit focuses on counterterrorism and geopolitical conflicts. Canada’s participation in this forum signals a potential thaw in relations and underscores the necessity of intelligence cooperation despite political tensions. Additionally, discussions at the gathering will help shape India’s strategic responses to evolving security challenges on the global stage.

What happened?

Officials from the Government of India and the Office of International Boundaries, Royal Government of Bhutan, met in New Delhi on March 6-7, 2025, to review progress on boundary-related field work. The Indian delegation was led by Surveyor General of India, Hitesh Kumar S. Makwana, while the Bhutanese side was headed by Dasho Letho T Tangbi, Secretary, International Boundaries. The discussions covered completed survey work, upcoming fieldwork plans, and potential collaboration in technological and capacity-building efforts.

Why it matters to India

India and Bhutan share a close strategic relationship, and effective boundary management strengthens bilateral trust and regional stability. Advancing survey and capacity-building collaboration aligns with both nations’ priorities and reinforces India’s commitment to supporting Bhutan’s territorial integrity. The meeting reflects the deep-rooted friendship between the two countries and highlights India’s ongoing engagement in regional security and infrastructure development.

What happened?

Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri visited Moscow on March 7, 2025, for bilateral Foreign Office Consultations with Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Andrey Rudenko. The discussions covered the full spectrum of bilateral ties, along with regional and global issues of mutual interest. Both sides reviewed progress on key decisions taken at the 22nd Annual Summit in Moscow (July 2024), the India-Russia meeting on the sidelines of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, the 25th session of the Intergovernmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Cooperation in New Delhi (November 2024), and other high-level engagements.

Why it matters to India

India and Russia maintain a longstanding strategic partnership, encompassing defence, energy, trade, and multilateral cooperation. These consultations reinforce the commitment to deepening economic and technological collaborations while addressing regional and global challenges. Strengthening India-Russia ties remains crucial amid evolving geopolitical dynamics, particularly in the Indo-Pacific and Eurasian regions. The continuation of high-level dialogues ensures progress on key initiatives and sustains momentum in bilateral cooperation.

What happened?

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi has called for closer India-China cooperation, advocating a “Dragon and Elephant Dance” approach to bilateral relations. His remarks came following a meeting with Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Johannesburg in February 2025.

The two sides discussed ongoing diplomatic negotiations over the Line of Actual Control (LAC), particularly disengagement efforts in Eastern Ladakh, where tensions have persisted since 2020. A previous meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Xi Jinping in Russia in October 2024 marked the beginning of new disengagement efforts.

Why it matters to India:

While China’s call for deeper cooperation suggests a diplomatic thaw, India remains cautious, given Beijing’s past reluctance to restore the LAC status quo. New Delhi prioritizes sovereignty and border security while keeping diplomatic channels open. Strengthened ties could provide economic and geopolitical leverage, but trust remains a challenge.

What happened?

During an interaction with the Indian community in Dublin, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar emphasised that India’s diplomacy is not about neutrality but about strategic decision-making. He stated that neutrality is often a sign of weakness and that India’s approach is now rooted in confidence and self-interest.

Jaishankar also discussed India’s post-colonial resurgence, noting the country’s rapid growth and increasing global influence. He highlighted Ireland’s economic achievements and the potential for deeper India-Ireland collaboration in research, trade, and education.

Why it matters to India:

Jaishankar’s remarks reflect India’s assertive foreign policy stance, moving from historical non-alignment towards a more interest-driven approach. Strengthening ties with smaller but influential nations like Ireland helps India expand its diplomatic and economic footprint in Europe while ensuring a diversified trade and technology partnership.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar visited Dublin on February 20, 2025, marking the first high-level Indian visit to Ireland since 2015. During his visit, he met with Irish President Michael Higgins and other officials to discuss strengthening bilateral relations, particularly in trade, technology, and education.

A key focus of discussions was the India-European Union Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which has been under negotiation for 23 years. Jaishankar expressed optimism that the agreement could be concluded by the end of 2025, following a recent high-level visit by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and 21 commissioners to India.

Why it matters to India:

Ireland, as an EU member, plays a crucial role in India’s broader engagement with Europe. Strengthening ties with Ireland could facilitate smoother negotiations for the FTA, which aims to boost trade, technology partnerships, and investment. The EU is India’s second-largest trading partner, accounting for 12.2% of total trade. A successful deal would further India’s push to diversify trade relationships amid evolving global economic dynamics.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar stated that the US administration under President Donald Trump is moving toward a multipolar world, a development that aligns with India’s strategic interests. Speaking at Chatham House in London, he highlighted Trump’s emphasis on fair burden-sharing within the Quad and confirmed ongoing bilateral trade pact discussions. He also expressed cautious optimism about the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations and discussed India’s diplomatic role in the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its evolving ties with China.

Why it matters to India:

A multipolar global order benefits India by allowing it greater strategic autonomy in global affairs. Strengthening ties with the US on trade and security, particularly through the Quad, enhances India’s regional influence. India’s engagement in the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its efforts to stabilize relations with China further reflect its growing role in global diplomacy.

What happened?

On  March 5th, 2025, External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar participated in a discussion with Bronwen Maddox, Director and Chief Executive of Chatham House, at an event co-hosted by Chatham House and the High Commission of India in London. The discussion covered India’s foreign policy approach, regional security dynamics, and global economic challenges.

Jaishankar provided updates on the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA), highlighting its potential to enhance economic cooperation. He also addressed India’s regional engagements, particularly the challenges of maintaining balanced relations with China. On global economic stability, he clarified that while India does not pursue a policy to replace the US dollar, economic diversification discussions are gaining momentum, especially within BRICS.

The minister reaffirmed India’s commitment to multipolar global governance, emphasizing collaboration with the United States while advocating a broader power distribution. Responding to concerns about human rights, he described criticisms as politically motivated and stressed that India’s democratic institutions remain strong and committed to upholding fundamental rights.

Why it matters to India:

Jaishankar’s address at Chatham House reflects India’s growing strategic role in global affairs and its focus on maintaining stability in an evolving geopolitical landscape. Strengthening India-UK economic ties through the FTA aligns with India’s trade and investment priorities, while discussions on BRICS economic resilience highlight India’s approach to financial diversification. India’s emphasis on a multipolar world order and strong democratic foundations reinforces its position as a key global player. The visit also strengthens India’s diplomatic engagement with the UK, aligning with broader efforts to deepen political, economic, and security cooperation.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar held wide-ranging discussions with UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy during his on going official visit to the United Kingdom. The meeting, held at Chevening House, covered strategic coordination, political cooperation, trade deal negotiations, education, technology, mobility, and people-to-people exchanges. The discussions also addressed key geopolitical flashpoints, including the Ukraine conflict, developments in Bangladesh, West Asia, and the Commonwealth. The two sides agreed to formulate the next steps to further structure and strengthen bilateral ties.

Why it matters to India:

Jaishankar’s visit underscores India’s commitment to enhancing strategic cooperation with the UK at a critical geopolitical juncture. Strengthening diplomatic, economic, and security ties with London aligns with India’s broader foreign policy goals in the Indo-Pacific and beyond. With ongoing trade deal negotiations and growing bilateral investments, India’s engagement with the UK remains crucial for economic growth and technological collaboration. The UK’s evolving approach to global crises, particularly in Ukraine and Bangladesh, has direct implications for India’s strategic calculations. Additionally, Labour party’s renewed outreach to India signals potential shifts in the India-UK relationship ahead of political changes in Westminster.

What happened?

On 5 March 2025, India’s Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan visited Australia, marking the first-ever visit by an Indian CDS. He was hosted in Canberra by Australia’s Chief of the Defence Force, Admiral David Johnston. The visit included discussions with senior Australian defence leaders, focusing on strengthening bilateral defence cooperation. Key topics included interoperability, maritime domain awareness, reciprocal information sharing, and joint deployments. The visit followed that of US INDOPACOM Chief Admiral Samuel J. Paparo to India and coincided with a Chinese Navy task group maneuvering around Australia.

Why it matters to India:

General Chauhan’s visit reinforces India’s strategic partnership with Australia, a crucial partner in maintaining security in the Indo-Pacific. As India and Australia engage through bilateral, trilateral, and quadrilateral frameworks, this visit enhances joint military exercises and defence collaboration. The focus on maritime security and intelligence sharing aligns with India’s broader Indo-Pacific strategy, ensuring regional stability amid increasing Chinese naval activities. Strengthening defence ties with Australia also complements India’s growing security cooperation with the United States and other QUAD partners.

What happened?

India’s Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal is in the US to advance discussions on the Bilateral Trade Agreement and address concerns over potential tariffs. Talks with US officials will focus on market access and trade facilitation, with India seeking to counterbalance proposed reciprocal tariffs by the US.

Why it matters to India:

With the US looking to diversify away from Chinese imports, India has a key opportunity to expand its exports. However, potential US tariffs on Indian goods could affect key sectors, including automobiles and agriculture. Goyal’s visit is crucial for mitigating trade risks and ensuring favourable terms for India’s exports.

What happened?

Three major logistics and rail companies in Asia have collaborated to launch the first-ever India-Kazakhstan container train, marking a significant milestone in international freight transport. The train, consisting of 12 twenty-foot containers, is traveling from the Indian port of Mundra to Sorokovaya station in Kazakhstan via the India-Iran-Turkmenistan-Uzbekistan-Kazakhstan route. The journey includes 1,585 km by sea and 4,300 km by rail.

Why it matters to India:

This new service is designed to facilitate more efficient trade and logistics between the countries, cutting down delivery times and expanding transport networks across the region. The Mundra port has long served as a major hub for Indian exports, and this new container train service adds an exciting new option for transporting goods from India to Central Asia. This new trade route boosts India’s connectivity with Central Asia, reducing reliance on traditional sea routes and enhancing supply chain efficiency. By improving trade logistics, India strengthens economic ties with Kazakhstan and other transit countries, countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the region.

What happened?

India and Nepal held the 9th Project Steering Committee and 7th Joint Working Group meetings in New Delhi from 27–28 February 2025 to review bilateral railway cooperation. Discussions focused on the progress of the Jaynagar-Bijalpura-Bardibas and Jogbani-Biratnagar railway lines, technical collaboration, and capacity-building efforts. The Nepali delegation also visited the Indian Railways Institute of Transport Management in Lucknow and Ayodhya.

Why it matters to India:

Enhancing railway connectivity with Nepal aligns with India’s broader regional integration strategy, fostering stronger economic and trade ties. These railway links facilitate cross-border trade, ease passenger movement, and enhance India’s role as a development partner. Improved connectivity also counters Chinese infrastructure investments in Nepal.

What happened?

India and Vietnam held the 4th Policy Planning Dialogue in New Delhi on 4 March 2025. Discussions, led by Joint Secretary (Policy Planning & Research) Raghuram S from India and Director General Le Dinh Tinh from Vietnam, covered regional and global issues, including developments in the Indo-Pacific and multilateral institutions. The Vietnamese delegation also met Secretary (East) Jaideep Mazumdar.

Why it matters to India:

India and Vietnam share strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific, particularly concerning maritime security and regional stability. Strengthening diplomatic dialogue with Vietnam supports India’s Act East Policy, enhances defence cooperation, and reinforces India’s engagement with ASEAN nations. The dialogue also aids in countering China’s influence in the region.

What happened?

The UK has announced the opening of two new Indian consulates in Belfast and Manchester, highlighting the growing bilateral ties between the two nations. UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy, during his meeting with External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar, emphasised the importance of deepening trade and security cooperation. The UK and India are working to enhance their £41 billion trading relationship, with renewed trade discussions in Delhi.

Why it matters to India:

The expansion of India’s diplomatic presence in the UK will strengthen trade and economic cooperation, support the Indian diaspora, and enhance regional engagement beyond London. As the UK government prioritises economic growth and security under its “Plan for Change,” closer collaboration with India presents new opportunities in trade and investment.

What happened

India’s gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) has more than doubled from ₹60,196 crore in 2013-14 to ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2023-24, according to Union Minister Jitendra Singh. Speaking at the DISHA event in New Delhi on 3 March 2025, he highlighted key areas of growth, including artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and quantum computing. He also emphasised the role of private sector participation in strategic fields such as space and nuclear research.

Why it matters to India?

Increased R&D investment is crucial for India’s ambition to become a global leader in deep-tech innovation. Strengthening the research ecosystem through government funding, industry partnerships, and private sector involvement enhances India’s technological competitiveness. The DISHA initiative further supports high-impact research, positioning India as an innovation hub for the future.

What happened

On 3 March 2025, Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh presented the report of the Empowered Committee for Capability Enhancement of the Indian Air Force (IAF) to Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. The report outlines short, medium, and long-term strategies to strengthen the IAF’s operational capacity. It also highlights the role of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), and private industry in advancing self-reliance (Aatmanirbharta) in aerospace. The Defence Minister has directed the timely implementation of key recommendations.

Why it matters to India?

Enhancing IAF capabilities is essential for India’s national security, particularly amid evolving regional threats. Strengthening indigenous defence production aligns with Aatmanirbhar Bharat, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers. The report’s recommendations could drive new technological advancements, boosting India’s aerospace and defence industry.

What happened

India and Nepal signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 3 March 2025 in New Delhi to strengthen collaboration in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector. The agreement was signed in the presence of India’s Minister of Jal Shakti C.R. Patil and Nepal’s Minister of Water Supply Pradeep Yadav. The MoU includes initiatives in groundwater management, technology transfer, and training for Nepali personnel in water resource management.

Why it matters to India?

Water security is a key component of India-Nepal relations, and this MoU strengthens cooperation on critical sustainability challenges. By sharing expertise and best practices, India can support Nepal’s efforts to improve sanitation and clean water access while reinforcing diplomatic ties. The initiative also aligns with India’s broader regional approach to development partnerships in South Asia.

What happened

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar is on an official visit to the United Kingdom and Ireland from 4-9 March 2025. In the UK, he will hold discussions with Foreign Secretary David Lammy and meet key officials and Indian community representatives. India and the UK share a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, covering defence, trade, health, and education. In Ireland, Jaishankar will meet his counterpart Simon Harris on 6-7 March, focusing on bilateral cooperation.

Why it matters to India?

Strengthening ties with the UK could accelerate trade negotiations, enhance security collaboration, and boost educational exchanges. Deepening engagement with Ireland provides an opportunity to expand economic cooperation and reinforce India’s diplomatic presence in Europe. The visit underscores India’s commitment to fostering robust strategic partnerships.

What happened

Belgium’s Defence Minister Theo Francken announced that a military attaché will be posted at the Belgian Embassy in New Delhi for the first time. The decision follows his meeting with Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on 3 March 2025, where both sides discussed enhancing defence cooperation. Francken highlighted the growing importance of India-Belgium security ties, particularly in light of geopolitical tensions in the Indo-Pacific. He also emphasised Belgium’s need for stronger defence capabilities and Europe’s increasing reliance on India for weapons and ammunition.

Why it matters to India?

Belgium’s decision to appoint a military attaché signals deeper security engagement with India, particularly in defence industry collaboration. This move aligns with India’s growing strategic partnerships in Europe and could pave the way for increased military-industrial cooperation. Additionally, Belgium’s focus on Indo-Pacific security and maritime cooperation enhances India’s positioning as a key player in regional stability.

What happened

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India, in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), is organising a six-day Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Executive Capacity Building Programme on human rights from 3-8 March 2025 in New Delhi. The programme aims to enhance awareness and capacity-building among senior National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) functionaries from 14 Global South countries, including Madagascar, Uganda, Nigeria, and Egypt. It will be inaugurated by NHRC Chairperson Justice V. Ramasubramanian on 3 March 2025.

Why it matters to India

Strengthening South-South cooperation in human rights governance reinforces India’s global leadership in capacity building and institutional collaboration. By sharing its experiences and best practices, India enhances its diplomatic engagement with emerging economies. The initiative also fosters deeper international partnerships, promoting India’s role as a key advocate for human rights protection in the Global South.

What happened

The 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific was inaugurated in Jaipur on 3 March 2025, bringing together global leaders to discuss sustainable urban development. Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs Manohar Lal announced the launch of the Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3), a digital platform for knowledge-sharing between cities and technical institutions. Agreements worth ₹1,800 crore will be signed under CITIIS 2.0, benefiting 18 cities across 14 states for waste management and circular economy initiatives.

Why it matters to India

As India strengthens its leadership in global sustainability efforts, initiatives like the P-3 (Pro Planet People) approach and Mission LiFE align with its commitment to a low-carbon economy. The forum provides a platform for India to showcase its circular economy initiatives while fostering international cooperation in waste management, recycling, and resource efficiency. The agreements under CITIIS 2.0 will drive urban sustainability and innovation, setting a benchmark for other cities.

What happened

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Belgium’s Foreign Minister Maxime Prevot at Hyderabad House on 3 March 2025, ahead of Princess Astrid’s visit to India. The two ministers discussed expanding cooperation in semiconductors, AI, clean energy, and innovation. Jaishankar highlighted Belgium’s historical ties with India and the steady growth of trade and industrial relations. He also welcomed the arrival of Princess Astrid, who is leading a Belgian economic mission with representatives from 180 companies.

Why it matters to India

Belgium is a key trade and investment partner for India, and the visit marks a significant opportunity to strengthen economic ties. With a focus on technology and innovation, the discussions could lead to enhanced collaboration in India’s Make in India and Design in India initiatives. The participation of Belgian businesses also signals growing European interest in India’s expanding market.

What happened

Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan will visit Australia from 4-7 March 2025 to strengthen defence ties between the two nations. He will hold discussions with senior Australian defence officials, including Chief of Defence Force General Admiral David Johnston and Secretary of Defence Greg Moriarty. General Chauhan will also visit the Force Command Headquarters, the Australian Defence College, and the Lowy Institute, where he will address strategic challenges in the Indo-Pacific.

Why it matters to India

The visit highlights the growing India-Australia defence partnership, particularly under the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Strengthening military cooperation aligns with India’s Indo-Pacific strategy, enhancing maritime security and operational coordination. The discussions on joint operations, military training, and technology collaboration further reinforce India’s efforts to diversify its security partnerships in the region.

What happened?

A high-level delegation from Bangladesh’s Ministry of Irrigation, led by Joint River Commission member Mohammad Abdul Hossain, will arrive in Kolkata on 3 March 2025 for a five-day visit. The delegation will examine the Farakka Barrage on 5 March and hold high-level meetings with Indian officials on 6-7 March to discuss the renewal of the Ganga Water Treaty. The treaty, signed in 1996, is set to expire next year, and Bangladesh is expected to push for increased water allocation. India’s Ministry of Jal Shakti has requested additional security arrangements for the delegation during its visit.

Why it matters to India:

Water-sharing has long been a contentious issue in India-Bangladesh relations, with past disputes over the Teesta River agreement still unresolved. Bangladesh’s request for additional Ganges water could face opposition from the West Bengal government, which has previously resisted similar agreements due to resource constraints. Any friction over the treaty could impact broader India-Bangladesh ties, which also include trade and security cooperation. The outcome of these negotiations will be crucial in determining the future of water diplomacy between the two neighbours.

What happened?

Union Minister of Commerce & Industry Piyush Goyal, addressing the 44th Convocation Ceremony of the National Institute of Design (NID) on 27 February 2025, underscored the role of design as a driver of innovation and economic growth. Highlighting Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Make in India and Design in India vision, he called on graduates to position India as a global design hub. Goyal stressed the importance of design in diverse fields, from space exploration to gaming, and cited India’s Chandrayaan mission as an example of design excellence. The event saw the participation of President Droupadi Murmu, Gujarat Chief Minister Bhupendrabhai Patel, and other dignitaries.

Why it matters to India:

India’s design sector is poised to play a crucial role in its industrial transformation, particularly in emerging areas such as semiconductors, audio-visual technology, and sustainable product development. Strengthening India’s design ecosystem will enhance global competitiveness and boost manufacturing capabilities, aligning with the country’s push for self-reliance. With 430 new graduates entering the field, the NID convocation also signals a growing talent pool ready to drive innovation and contribute to India’s creative economy.

What happened?

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s visit to India from 27-28 February 2025 marked a pivotal moment in India-EU relations, advancing discussions on trade, technology, and strategic cooperation. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to concluding the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) within the year, reflecting a political urgency to overcome trade barriers. The India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) also made progress in critical areas such as semiconductors, AI, and 6G, highlighting a shared goal of technological sovereignty. The EU reinforced its support for India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), aligning with India’s vision for regional security. Additionally, green energy and digital collaboration emerged as priority areas, with plans for joint initiatives and funding.

Why it matters to India:

The visit signals a shift from dialogue to concrete action in India-EU ties, strengthening India’s role as a key economic and strategic partner in Europe’s global vision. Advancements in the FTA could boost bilateral trade beyond the current $137.5 billion, opening new markets for Indian businesses. Enhanced cooperation in critical technologies and green energy aligns with India’s long-term economic strategy while reducing external dependencies. The EU’s deeper engagement in Indo-Pacific security also reinforces India’s geopolitical standing. However, challenges remain in negotiating contentious trade issues, making the next steps crucial for the success of this partnership.

What happened?

On 28 February 2025, India’s Raksha Rajya Mantri Sanjay Seth met European Commission’s Defence & Space Commissioner Andrius Kubilius in New Delhi to discuss strengthening India-EU defence cooperation. Talks focused on maritime security, information sharing in the Indo-Pacific, and European defence firms’ participation in Indian joint production initiatives. They also explored India’s involvement in EU defence programs like Permanent Structured Cooperation.

Why it matters to India?

As India seeks to modernise its defence sector and reduce reliance on traditional suppliers, deeper engagement with the EU could provide access to advanced technologies and industrial collaborations. Strengthening maritime security ties with the EU aligns with India’s Indo-Pacific strategy, enhancing its presence in key trade routes. Increased cooperation in defence manufacturing could also support India’s ‘Make in India’ initiative by attracting European investments in joint production ventures.

What happened?

The second India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting took place in New Delhi on 28 February 2025, with key ministers from both sides discussing digital partnerships, clean energy initiatives, and trade resilience. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, along with Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal and IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, met EU representatives, including Executive Vice-President Henna Virkkunen and Trade Commissioner Maros Sefcovic. Discussions covered semiconductors, AI, 6G, electric vehicles, and green hydrogen.

Why it matters to India?

The TTC provides a structured framework for India and the EU to enhance cooperation in emerging technologies and strategic industries. Strengthening trade and technology ties with the EU can help India reduce supply chain dependencies, expand investment opportunities, and accelerate its digital and clean energy transition. The TTC also reinforces India’s positioning as a critical partner in the evolving global trade and technology landscape.

What happened?

On 28 February 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen agreed to push for the conclusion of the India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) within the year. Speaking in New Delhi ahead of talks with Modi, von der Leyen called for an “ambitious” deal covering key sectors such as semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, clean hydrogen, and defence. Talks, which resumed in 2021 after an eight-year pause, remain stalled over tariff issues and market access demands.

Why it matters to India?

The EU is India’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $137.5 billion in 2023-24. A successful FTA could unlock new export opportunities for Indian businesses while ensuring greater access to European markets. However, key challenges, including high EU tariffs on Indian goods and India’s reluctance to reduce duties on automobiles and alcohol, need resolution. A deal would strengthen India’s trade resilience amid shifting global supply chains and protectionist trends.

What happened?

On 28 February 2025, India and the European Union (EU) held a bilateral cluster meeting in New Delhi, focusing on key issues such as connectivity, the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), green energy, mobility and talent, security, the Mediterranean region, and EU expansion.

Why it matters to India?

Strengthening connectivity with the EU through IMEC and other economic corridors aligns with India’s efforts to enhance trade and infrastructure linkages across Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Deeper engagement in green energy and mobility cooperation supports India’s transition to a sustainable economy while boosting talent exchange and investment opportunities. The meeting also reaffirmed India’s strategic role in regional security discussions, particularly in the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific, reinforcing its position as a key global partner for Europe.

What happened?

Speaking at an event hosted by India’s World on 28 February 2025, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen highlighted the growing strategic alignment between India and the EU. She underscored shared interests in economic resilience, technology cooperation, and security, while announcing plans for an India-EU Security and Defence Partnership covering cross-border terrorism, cyber security, and maritime security.

Why it matters to India?

The EU’s renewed focus on India as a strategic partner signals deeper trade, technology, and security collaboration. A formal security partnership could enhance India’s defence capabilities through technology-sharing and joint industrial projects. With growing geopolitical tensions, India stands to benefit from diversifying its security ties beyond traditional partners. Strengthening India-EU connectivity initiatives, such as the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor, can also bolster India’s trade routes and economic influence.

What happened?

On 25 February 2025, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy successfully conducted flight trials of the Naval Anti-Ship Missile (NASM-SR) at the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur. Launched from an Indian Naval Sea King helicopter, the missile demonstrated its “Man-in-Loop” capability, allowing in-flight retargeting. It uses an indigenous Imaging Infra-Red Seeker for terminal guidance and successfully hit a small ship target in sea-skimming mode.

Why it matters to India:

The successful trial of NASM-SR enhances India’s naval warfare capabilities and strengthens defence self-reliance under the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative. The missile’s ability to retarget mid-flight improves operational flexibility in combat. Developed with contributions from MSMEs and startups, this achievement highlights India’s growing domestic defence ecosystem, reducing reliance on foreign technology.

What happened?

On 25 February 2025, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar addressed the 58th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in Geneva, reaffirming India’s commitment to human rights. He highlighted India’s constitutional values of justice, liberty, and equality, and its efforts in poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, and digital inclusion. Jaishankar also underscored India’s engagement with UN human rights mechanisms.

Why it matters to India:

India’s stance at the UNHRC is crucial for reinforcing its image as a responsible democracy, particularly amid scrutiny from Western nations and international organisations. By showcasing governance reforms and social development initiatives, India strengthens its diplomatic influence and counters narratives that challenge its human rights record.

What happened?

On 27 February 2025, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, speaking at Business Standard’s ‘Manthan’ summit, highlighted the global shift towards bilateralism in trade and investment. She stated that multilateral institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) are becoming less effective, requiring India to pursue stronger bilateral agreements. India has initiated trade negotiations with key partners, including the UK, US, and European Union.

Why it matters to India:

As multilateral trade frameworks weaken, securing favourable bilateral agreements will be essential for India’s global economic standing. Strengthened trade ties with major economies can improve market access, attract investment, and enhance India’s competitiveness. Proactively shaping new trade partnerships ensures India remains resilient amid changing global trade dynamics.

What happened?

On 27 February 2025, Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal, speaking at the IMC Bharat Calling Conference in Mumbai, stressed the need for India to engage actively in international trade to achieve developed nation status. He highlighted the importance of supporting micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and warned against predatory pricing practices that harm domestic manufacturers. He also advocated for the adoption of precast construction methods for efficiency and sustainability.

Why it matters to India:

As India aims to become a $5 trillion economy, strengthening MSMEs and enhancing product quality is crucial for global competitiveness. By discouraging substandard imports and supporting domestic industries, India can improve its trade balance and manufacturing ecosystem. The adoption of advanced construction and energy-efficient technologies aligns with the country’s infrastructure and sustainability goals.

What happened?

On 26 February 2025, Australia launched a strategic roadmap to deepen trade and investment ties with India, identifying clean energy, education, agribusiness, and tourism as key growth sectors. The plan includes a $16 million Australia-India Trade and Investment Accelerator Fund and an additional $4 million for the Maitri Grants programme to enhance bilateral engagement. Australia also aims to finalise a new free trade agreement with India, building on the existing Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA).

Why it matters to India:

Australia’s push for closer economic ties aligns with India’s objective of diversifying trade partnerships and reducing dependence on China. The roadmap presents new investment and market opportunities, particularly in critical sectors like renewable energy and technology. Strengthened economic engagement enhances India’s position in the Indo-Pacific, reinforcing strategic partnerships that support regional stability and growth.

What happened?

On 25 February 2025, the Indian Army signed a contract worth ₹80.43 crore with Larsen & Toubro (L&T) to procure 223 Automatic Chemical Agent Detection and Alarm (ACADA) systems under the Buy Indian (IDDM) category. Developed by DRDO’s Defence Research and Development Establishment, the ACADA system enhances the Army’s ability to detect chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals using Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS). Over 80% of the system’s components are sourced locally, strengthening domestic defence manufacturing.

Why it matters to India:

This procurement aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, boosting India’s self-reliance in critical defence technologies. The ACADA system significantly enhances the Indian Army’s defensive capabilities against chemical threats in both operational and peacetime scenarios, including disaster response to industrial accidents. Its indigenous production fosters domestic research and development, reducing reliance on foreign suppliers in the niche domain of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) defence.

What happened?

At the Global Investors Summit 2025, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced that India’s first domestically manufactured semiconductor chip will be ready for production by 2025. He highlighted the rapid growth of electronics manufacturing in Madhya Pradesh, where two electronic clusters have been established in Bhopal and Jabalpur. The government is also training 85,000 engineers in semiconductor and electronics manufacturing, alongside an investment of ₹150 crore in a new IT campus in Bhopal.

Why it matters to India:

The development of an indigenous semiconductor chip is a crucial step towards reducing India’s dependence on imports in a strategically vital sector. As the global semiconductor industry faces supply chain disruptions, India’s ability to produce chips domestically strengthens its technological sovereignty and economic security. The initiative supports India’s ambition to become a global electronics hub, fostering investment, employment, and innovation in high-tech manufacturing.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar addressed the ‘Advantage Assam 2.0’ summit on 25 February 2025, emphasising the role of Assam and the Northeast (NE) in India’s Act East Policy. He highlighted key infrastructure projects, including roads, railways, and waterways, that strengthen connectivity with neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar. He also underscored ASEAN’s role as a strategic partner and the importance of the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway.

Why it matters to India:

Northeast India plays a pivotal role in India’s diplomatic and economic engagement with Southeast Asia. Improved connectivity and trade linkages with ASEAN nations enhance India’s regional influence, strengthen economic integration, and create new investment opportunities. The summit reaffirmed the Modi government’s commitment to developing the Northeast as a gateway to the Indo-Pacific, boosting trade, tourism, and geopolitical partnerships.

What happened?

India abstained from multiple UN General Assembly resolutions on Ukraine on Feb 24, 2025. where the United States took an unexpected stance by siding with Russia on certain amendments. Marking the third anniversary of Russia’s invasion, a resolution condemning Moscow passed with reduced support compared to previous years. The US initially backed a neutral resolution but later abstained after France-led amendments named Russia as the aggressor. The shift in US policy aligns with ongoing direct talks between Washington and Moscow to negotiate an end to the war.

Why it matters to India?

India’s neutral stance reflects its strategic balancing between the West and Russia, a key defence and energy partner. As the conflict continues to reshape global alliances, India must navigate its diplomatic position carefully. Avoiding entanglement in geopolitical conflicts allows India to focus on economic growth and regional security while maintaining strong bilateral relations with multiple global powers.

What happened?

The Government of India, in collaboration with the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), is hosting the first-ever Capacity Building Programme on UNSC Resolution 1540 and Strategic Trade Controls for Asia-Pacific countries. The event is taking place at the National Academy of Customs, Indirect Taxes and Narcotics (NACIN), Palasamudram, from February 25-27, 2025. A total of 24 government experts, experts from the UNSC 1540 Committee, UNODA, India’s Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs, the National Authority Chemical Weapons Convention, the Department of Biotechnology, the Directorate General of Foreign Trade, and the Ministry of External Affairs’ Disarmament and International Security Affairs Division are sharing insights and best practices on implementing UNSC Resolution 1540 and Strategic Trade Controls.

Why it matters to India?

This initiative reaffirms India’s strong commitment to non-proliferation and its role as a responsible global player in enforcing strategic trade controls. By leading such an engagement, India strengthens its diplomatic influence in the Asia-Pacific region and contributes to global security by promoting best practices in countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The programme also enhances India’s credibility in international disarmament frameworks, positioning it as a key player in shaping global non-proliferation policies.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar addressed the 12th International Health Dialogue in New Delhi, emphasizing India’s contributions to global health security. He highlighted India’s Vaccine Maitri initiative, medical aid to crisis-hit regions, and the role of Indian pharmaceuticals in ensuring accessible healthcare. He also discussed India’s digital health infrastructure and collaborations under the WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine.

Why it matters to India?

India’s leadership in global health diplomacy enhances its soft power and strengthens partnerships with developing nations. By supporting vaccine distribution, medical aid, and healthcare innovation, India positions itself as a reliable partner in international health initiatives. This aligns with India’s broader strategy of using health diplomacy to build stronger geopolitical and economic ties.

What happened?

The Defence Ministry has formed a high-level committee under Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh to explore private sector participation in the development of India’s fifth-generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). The committee includes representatives from the Indian Air Force (IAF) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Proposed models include joint ventures with private firms and increased outsourcing of jet manufacturing. Companies like Tata, L&T, and Godrej are already engaged in component production. The AMCA, designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), was recently showcased at Aero India 2025 in Bengaluru, featuring AI-powered capabilities for enhanced combat performance.

Why it matters to India?

Integrating private firms into the AMCA project will strengthen India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem and reduce reliance on foreign technology. This move aligns with the ‘Make in India’ initiative, boosting indigenous aerospace capabilities and creating new opportunities for private defence firms. Strengthening domestic production is also crucial as India seeks to modernize its air force and enhance national security.

What happened?

UK Business and Trade Secretary Jonathan Reynolds reaffirmed the importance of the proposed India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in boosting jobs and prosperity. Reynolds, ahead of his meeting with Commerce & Industry Minister Piyush Goyal in New Delhi on February 24, emphasized the FTA’s potential to enhance trade in sectors such as advanced manufacturing, clean energy, and financial services. The talks, originally launched in 2022, were paused before elections in both countries and are now being resumed under the new UK Labour government. The UK is keen to secure a strategic economic partnership with India, including trade cooperation and deeper engagement in security and technology.

Why it matters to India?

The FTA is expected to significantly boost India’s exports, particularly in telecommunications and financial services, while also providing greater access to the UK market. India is prioritizing a threefold increase in exports to the UK by 2030, aligning with its $1 trillion merchandise export target. However, unresolved issues such as mobility for Indian professionals, tariffs on electric vehicles and alcoholic beverages, and the UK’s planned carbon border tax remain key negotiation points. Strengthening trade ties with the UK also helps India counter trade uncertainties stemming from evolving U.S. tariff policies.

What happened?

The first-ever “Women in Peacekeeping: A Global South Perspective” conference is set to take place in New Delhi from February 24-25, 2025. Organized by India’s Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Defence, and the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK), the event will bring together women peacekeepers from 35 troop-contributing countries. UN representatives, including Under-Secretary-General Jean-Pierre Lacroix, will participate alongside global stakeholders to discuss gender representation in peacekeeping operations.

Why it matters to India?

India has been a strong advocate for increasing women’s participation in peacekeeping missions. This conference reinforces India’s leadership in global peacekeeping and its commitment to gender inclusivity in international security. Additionally, the event enhances India’s diplomatic outreach in the Global South, furthering its strategic position in multilateral engagements.

What happened?

At Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s invitation, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, along with the EU College of Commissioners, will visit India on February 27-28, 2025. This marks her third visit to India and the first collective visit of the EU Commissioners since their new mandate began in December 2024. The visit will include delegation-level talks, the second India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting, and bilateral ministerial discussions.

Why it matters to India?

India and the EU share a strategic partnership that has grown over the years, with the EU being India’s largest trade partner in goods. Strengthening trade, technology cooperation, and economic security are key priorities. The visit will provide momentum to India-EU FTA negotiations and facilitate discussions on global trade, digital public infrastructure, and resilient supply chains. The EU’s stance on democratic values and global security also aligns with India’s broader geopolitical strategy.

What happened?

Chief of Army Staff General Upendra Dwivedi began a four-day visit to France on February 24, aimed at strengthening India-France military cooperation. The visit includes meetings with French military leadership, discussions on defence collaboration, and visits to key institutions such as the École Militaire and Battle Lab Terre. General Dwivedi will also lay a wreath at the Neuve Chapelle Indian War Memorial to honour Indian soldiers from World War I.

Why it matters to India?

France is one of India’s closest defence partners, with collaborations spanning fighter jets, submarines, and space security. This visit is expected to reinforce strategic military ties and facilitate joint training programs, enhancing India’s defence modernization efforts. Strengthening military collaboration with France also helps India counter regional security threats and fortify its global defence partnerships.

What happened?

An Indian Army contingent departed on 22 February 2025 for the sixth edition of Exercise Dharma Guardian, scheduled from 24 February to 9 March 2025 at the East Fuji Manoeuvre Training Area, Japan. The exercise, involving 120 personnel from India’s MADRAS Regiment and troops from Japan’s 34th Infantry Regiment, focuses on joint urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a UN mandate.

Why it matters to India:

Exercise Dharma Guardian enhances military interoperability between India and Japan, reinforcing defence ties and strategic cooperation. The joint drills improve operational capabilities, combat readiness, and coordination in urban warfare and disaster response. Strengthening India-Japan defence relations aligns with India’s broader Indo-Pacific strategy, promoting regional stability and shared security objectives.

What happened?

On 21 February 2025, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Johannesburg. The ministers discussed border stability, the resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, and plans to restore direct flights. They also reviewed broader cooperation within multilateral platforms like the G20 and SCO, marking a step towards normalising strained bilateral ties.

Why it matters to India:

The dialogue reflects India’s commitment to maintaining regional stability and resolving longstanding border issues with China. Resuming the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra and restoring air links signal a thaw in relations, fostering people-to-people ties. Strengthened diplomatic engagement supports India’s strategic interests in promoting peace and cooperation with China, crucial for regional and global stability.

What happened?

Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi will visit Mauritius on 11-12 March 2025 as the Guest of Honour for the nation’s 57th National Day celebrations. The invitation was extended by Mauritian Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam, who highlighted the significance of PM Modi’s presence, marking the enduring friendship between the two countries.

Why it matters to India:

PM Modi’s visit reinforces India’s long-standing strategic partnership with Mauritius, rooted in shared history, culture, and demography, with nearly 70% of Mauritius’ population being of Indian origin. This engagement aligns with India’s Neighbourhood First, Vision Sagar, Global South, and Africa Forward policies, which prioritise strengthening relations with key Indian Ocean nations. India’s support for Mauritius in its sovereignty claim over the Chagos Archipelago, successfully transferred from British to Mauritian control in October 2024, exemplifies the deep diplomatic trust between the two nations. Modi’s visit is expected to bolster defence, maritime cooperation, and economic partnerships while promoting people-to-people ties. Strengthening India’s presence in the Indian Ocean Region through Mauritius is crucial for ensuring regional security, countering emerging maritime challenges, and enhancing India’s role as a net security provider.

What happened?

The Ministry of Mines, through a gazette notification on 20 February 2025, reclassified Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz from minor to major minerals. This decision follows the Union Cabinet’s approval of the National Critical Mineral Mission on 29 January 2025, aimed at enhancing the exploration and recovery of critical minerals from various sources, including overburden and tailings. The reclassification seeks to encourage scientific mining and proper reporting of associated critical minerals like Lithium and Beryl, often overlooked under minor mineral leases.

Why it matters to India:

This strategic move supports India’s energy transition and technological ambitions by promoting the extraction of critical minerals essential for clean energy, electronics, and healthcare sectors. The new classification ensures better regulatory oversight, increased exploration, and optimal resource utilisation. It also aligns with India’s broader goal of reducing dependency on foreign sources for critical minerals, strengthening domestic supply chains, and fostering economic growth through enhanced mining activities.

What happened?

India actively participated in the first G20 Employment Working Group (EWG) Meeting under South Africa’s presidency, held from 18 to 21 February 2025 in Port Elizabeth. Led by Sumita Dawra, Secretary (Labour & Employment), India highlighted its achievements in leveraging technology for labour welfare, presenting case studies on the eShram and National Career Service (NCS) portals as global best practices. Bilateral meetings with ILO, OECD, Germany, and the Netherlands explored collaborations on skill mapping, AI’s impact on jobs, and living wage frameworks.

Why it matters to India:

India’s participation underscores its leadership in promoting inclusive growth and digitalisation in labour markets. By showcasing platforms like eShram and NCS, India positions itself as a pioneer in using technology to bridge labour market gaps and extend social security to informal workers. Bilateral engagements further India’s efforts to integrate into global labour frameworks, enhance skill recognition, and prepare its workforce for future challenges, strengthening its global workforce contribution.

What happened?

India is expected to allow a senior Taliban representative to oversee the Afghan embassy in New Delhi, marking a shift in its engagement with the Taliban-led government. While India will not officially recognize the Taliban regime, the move reflects its evolving strategy to maintain diplomatic channels and counter China’s growing influence in Afghanistan. Najib Shaheen and Shawkat Ahmadzai are considered frontrunners for the position. India has resumed trade talks with the Taliban and recently stationed an Afghan administrator in Mumbai for consular services.

Why it matters to India?

India’s decision to engage with the Taliban is a pragmatic step to safeguard its strategic and economic interests in Afghanistan. With China expanding its investments in Afghan infrastructure and mining, India seeks to maintain a foothold in the region. Given Afghanistan’s role in regional security and connectivity projects, diplomatic engagement allows India to navigate the complex geopolitical landscape while protecting its investments and countering regional adversaries.

What happened?

Prime Minister of Bhutan Tshering Tobgay arrived in New Delhi on February 20, 2025 on a three-day visit to India. Mr. Tobgay will hold a meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit and he will also participate in the SOUL Leadership Conclave as the keynote speaker.  Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the first SOUL Leadership Conclave in Delhi on February 23. The event marks the formal launch of the Gandhinagar-based School of Ultimate Learning (SOUL), which will provide leadership training from 2027. Bhutanese Prime Minister Dasho Tshering Tobgay will be the Guest of Honour, alongside notable Indian leaders, policymakers, and entrepreneurs. 

Why it matters to India?

SOUL aims to cultivate leadership among India’s youth, aligning with the government’s focus on skill development and capacity building. The conclave enhances India’s educational and diplomatic outreach, with Bhutan’s participation reinforcing bilateral ties. As India aspires to be a global knowledge hub, initiatives like SOUL strengthen its intellectual and leadership capital.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on the sidelines of the G20 ministerial in Johannesburg to discuss developments in the Ukraine conflict, including Lavrov’s recent meeting with US Secretary of State Marco Rubio in Riyadh. The talks focused on restarting diplomatic engagement and potential de-escalation measures. India reiterated its call for dialogue and diplomacy to resolve the war.

Why it matters to India?

India has maintained a neutral stance on the Russia-Ukraine conflict while balancing its strategic partnerships with both Russia and the West. The evolving US-Russia talks could impact global economic stability and energy security—both vital to India. Additionally, India’s engagement with all stakeholders reinforces its role as a bridge between conflicting global powers.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar addressed the G20 Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Johannesburg on February 20, emphasizing the need for global stability. He highlighted concerns about conflicts, financial pressures, and technological disruptions. India welcomed the ceasefire in Gaza, advocated a two-state solution, and reaffirmed its commitment to maritime security in the Indo-Pacific. Jaishankar also called for UN Security Council reforms, stressing the importance of multilateralism and international law.

Why it matters to India?

India’s stance at the G20 underscores its growing role as a global stabilizer and advocate for balanced diplomacy. Given its dependence on Middle Eastern energy supplies and trade routes, stability in the region remains crucial. Additionally, India’s push for UN reforms aligns with its aspirations for a permanent Security Council seat, reinforcing its influence in shaping global governance.

What happened?

Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) Director General Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman denied recent reports of attacks on minorities in Bangladesh, calling them media exaggerations. Speaking at the conclusion of the 55th Director General-level border coordination conference with India’s Border Security Force (BSF) in New Delhi from February 17-20, he stated that such attacks “did not happen.” He cited the peaceful conduct of Durga Puja celebrations and security measures provided by BGB as evidence. The BGB DG also raised objections to India’s border fencing projects, requesting joint inspections before further construction.

Why it matters to India?

India has consistently raised concerns over attacks on Hindu minorities in Bangladesh. The Indian government reported 76 incidents targeting Hindus in Bangladesh between November 26, 2024, and January 25, 2025. Given India’s close economic and strategic ties with Bangladesh, maintaining communal harmony in the neighbouring country is crucial. Furthermore, Bangladesh’s border security policies impact infiltration and cross-border smuggling, which remain key issues for India’s northeastern states.

What happened?

India is expected to become a high-income nation by 2047 with a projected GDP of $23–$35 trillion, according to a report by Bain & Company and National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM). Sustained growth of 8–10%, driven by India’s demographic dividend, technological innovation, and sectoral shifts, will fuel this transformation. Key sectors like electronics, energy, chemicals, automotive, and services are identified as major growth drivers.

Why it matters to India:

Achieving high-income status would cement India’s position as a global economic leader. Growth in critical sectors, expansion of renewable energy, and technological advancements will boost exports, create jobs, and reduce energy dependence, supporting India’s long-term economic and strategic goals.

What happened?

The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) unveiled a ₹500 crore Technology Adoption Fund (TAF) on 19 February 2025 to support India’s space startups and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The fund will provide up to 60% of project costs for startups and MSMEs and 40% for larger industries, with a funding cap of ₹25 crore per project. Aimed at accelerating the development of indigenous space technologies, the fund will bridge the gap between early-stage innovation and commercialisation, while promoting job creation and economic growth in the space sector.

Why it matters to India:

The Technology Adoption Fund strengthens India’s efforts to build a self-reliant space ecosystem, reducing dependence on foreign technology and boosting domestic innovation. By supporting startups and MSMEs, the initiative aligns with India’s ambitions to emerge as a global space hub, fostering technological advancements and creating new economic opportunities. The fund also enhances public-private collaboration in the space sector, which is critical for sustaining India’s long-term space exploration and commercial goals.

What happened?

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 18 February 2025 to enhance bilateral cooperation in Science and Technology. The agreement, formalised in New Delhi, focuses on joint research, knowledge exchange, and capacity building in fields like biological sciences, nanotechnology, environmental technologies, and alternative energy. The MoU will facilitate scientific exchanges, collaborative research projects, and the sharing of research facilities between India and Nepal.

Why it matters to India:

The strengthened Science and Technology partnership with Nepal enhances India’s scientific diplomacy in the region, promoting cross-border collaboration in critical research areas. The agreement supports India’s goal of fostering innovation-driven growth while strengthening people-to-people and institutional ties with Nepal. Enhanced cooperation in areas like alternative energy and environmental technologies aligns with India’s broader sustainability and regional development goals.

What happened?

India and Argentina signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 19 February 2025 to strengthen cooperation in lithium exploration and mining. The MoU, signed between Mineral Exploration and Consultancy Limited (MECL) and the Provincial Government of Catamarca, focuses on deepening collaboration in critical mineral exploration. Union Minister for Coal and Mines G. Kishan Reddy met with Governor Raúl Alejandro Jalil of Catamarca in New Delhi to discuss investment opportunities and sustainable mining practices. The agreement highlights ongoing lithium exploration by Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL) and Greenko in Argentina’s lithium-rich regions.

Why it matters to India:

The MoU is pivotal for India’s efforts to secure critical minerals essential for its electric vehicle industry and renewable energy goals. Strengthening ties with Argentina, part of the global Lithium Triangle, helps diversify India’s mineral supply chains and reduce reliance on imports from strategic competitors. The agreement also aligns with India’s ambitions to become a global hub for clean energy technologies and supports its broader energy security goals.

What happened?

The Indian Navy’s First Training Squadron (1TS), comprising INS Sujata and ICGS Veera, concluded a three-day visit to Sihanoukville, Cambodia, on 17 February 2025. The visit included bilateral engagements with the Royal Cambodian Navy, focusing on cross-training, interoperability, and regional maritime security. Senior Indian naval officers met with Admiral Tea Vinh, Commander of the Royal Cambodian Navy, and other key officials. The Indian Navy handed over a Small Arms Simulator to the Royal Cambodian Army, hosted joint sports events, and organised guided ship tours for the Indian community in Sihanoukville.

Why it matters to India:

The visit reinforces India’s Act East Policy and its Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision, promoting maritime cooperation with Southeast Asian nations. Strengthening naval ties with Cambodia enhances India’s strategic outreach in the Indo-Pacific, counters growing Chinese influence, and contributes to regional security and stability. The exchange of training simulators and joint activities deepens defence ties while promoting goodwill and people-to-people connections.

What happened?

India handed over an Infantry Weapon Training Simulator (IWTS) to the Royal Cambodian Army (RCA) on 17 February 2025 at a ceremony held at the RCA Headquarters. The event was presided over by General Mao Sophan, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, and Vanlalvawna Bawitlung, Indian Ambassador to Cambodia.

Why it matters to India:

The donation reinforces India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy, strengthening defence ties with Cambodia at a time of growing Chinese influence in Southeast Asia. The IWTS will bolster Cambodia’s military capabilities, promoting joint exercises and interoperability, as seen during the inaugural India-Cambodia bilateral military exercise, CINBAX, in December 2024. This engagement aligns with India’s broader goal of offering ASEAN partners alternatives to Chinese military support, ensuring regional stability, and maintaining a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific. Cambodia’s strategic location near the South China Sea makes it a key partner in India’s efforts to counterbalance Beijing’s expanding presence, including concerns over China’s control of Cambodia’s Ream Naval Base.

What happened?

The 9th edition of the Asia Economic Dialogue (AED) will take place from 20-22 February 2025 in Pune. Co-hosted by the Ministry of External Affairs and Pune International Centre, this year’s theme is “Economic Resilience and Resurgence in an Era of Fragmentation.” Discussions will cover AI, automation, cybersecurity, the blue economy, and the international monetary system. The event will bring together political leaders, policymakers, and industry experts.

Why it matters to India:

As global economic dynamics shift, the AED provides a key forum for India to shape discussions on emerging technologies, trade resilience, and economic cooperation. The focus on AI and automation aligns with India’s push for digital transformation and technological self-reliance. The dialogue also enhances India’s engagement with international economic stakeholders, reinforcing its role as a major voice in global economic governance.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar will attend the G20 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Johannesburg from 20-21 February 2025 at the invitation of South Africa’s Foreign Minister Ronald Lamola. On the sidelines, Jaishankar will hold bilateral meetings with counterparts from other G20 nations. The meeting will address key global challenges, with South Africa presiding over the G20 for 2024-25.

Why it matters to India:

India sees the G20 as a key platform to advocate for Global South priorities, particularly in trade, digital economy, and climate finance. South Africa’s presidency provides an opportunity to align with BRICS partners on economic and multilateral issues. Jaishankar’s participation reinforces India’s commitment to shaping the global agenda following its own G20 presidency in 2023.

What happened?

Qatar’s Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani visited India from 17-18 February 2025, where he met President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The two sides signed multiple agreements, including an ‘Agreement on the Establishment of Bilateral Strategic Partnership’. Qatar committed to investing $10 billion in India, while both countries agreed to explore a Free Trade Agreement and double bilateral trade by 2030. Cooperation on energy, security, fintech, and cultural exchanges was also strengthened.

Why it matters to India:

The upgraded strategic partnership signals Qatar’s growing role in India’s economic and energy security framework. The $10 billion investment commitment and financial collaborations, including the operationalisation of India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in Qatar, reflect deepening economic ties. The agreement to settle bilateral trade in local currencies also aligns with India’s efforts to internationalise the rupee. Enhanced cooperation in security and counterterrorism further strengthens India’s strategic presence in the Gulf region.

What happened?

India and Malaysia held the 13th Malaysia-India Defence Cooperation Committee (MIDCOM) meeting in Kuala Lumpur on 19 February 2025. Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh and his Malaysian counterpart Lokman Hakim Bin Ali co-chaired the talks, focusing on defence industry collaboration, maritime security, multilateral engagements, and emerging areas like cybersecurity and AI. Both sides exchanged Terms of Reference (ToR) for a Strategic Affairs Working Group and a Su-30 Forum to enhance cooperation between their air forces.

Why it matters to India:

The meeting underscores India’s efforts to deepen security partnerships in the Indo-Pacific, aligning with its Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative. Strengthening defence industry cooperation with Malaysia presents new opportunities for India’s defence exports and technology collaborations. Malaysia’s ASEAN chairmanship in 2025 also makes this engagement strategically significant for India’s broader regional outreach.

What happened?

On 17 February 2025, a Nepali student at KIIT University in Odisha tragically took their own life. The incident raised concerns among the Nepali student community studying in India. In response, the Indian government has extended condolences and reassured Nepali students that their safety and well-being are a priority. Authorities in both countries are working together to address the situation. The Indian government has also assured Nepal’s diplomatic mission that measures will be taken to ensure the mental and emotional well-being of students from Nepal residing in India.

Why it matters to India

This tragic incident highlights the importance of maintaining the safety and mental health of international students in India, particularly from neighbouring countries like Nepal. Nepal is a close ally of India, and fostering positive relations through mutual respect and care for Nepali citizens is essential. The Indian government’s quick response reinforces its commitment to the well-being of international students, which is vital for maintaining a strong educational and diplomatic relationship with Nepal. Moreover, addressing the mental health challenges faced by students can ensure a more supportive environment for international students in India, which may help enhance educational exchange and collaboration between the two nations.

What happened?

On 16 February 2025, Tesla posted job openings for key positions in India, signalling its concrete steps toward entering the country’s electric vehicle (EV) market. The move follows ongoing negotiations between Tesla and the Indian government regarding import duty reductions and local manufacturing commitments. Earlier, on 13 February 2025, Tesla CEO Elon Musk met with Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the latter’s visit to the United States. The meeting focused on strengthening business relations, with Musk expressing interest in expanding Tesla’s footprint in India. Tesla is expected to begin its operations in India later in 2025, possibly by initially focusing on importing vehicles before moving to local production.

Why it matters to India

Tesla’s entry into India marks a significant milestone for the EV sector. The company’s advanced technology and brand recognition could accelerate EV adoption, aligning with India’s clean energy targets. Tesla’s presence will likely attract foreign investments, create jobs, and boost competition, which could lead to more affordable EVs and innovations from domestic manufacturers. Beyond economic benefits, this move also supports India’s push for reducing carbon emissions and fossil fuel dependence, contributing to a greener future for the country.

What happened?

Following the ceremonial welcome of the Amir of Qatar, Sheikh Tammin Bin Hammad Al- Thani, at the Rashtrapati Bhavan, two MoUs have been signed between both nations today, on February 18, 2025, focussing on trade, technology and investments.

Why it matters to India :

Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal shared that two MoUs were signed, one between the Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) and Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) at the India-Qatar Business Forum and the other between Invest Qatar and Invest India. The focus areas of partnership are evolving from energy trade to emerging technologies like Artificial intelligence, the Internet of things and Quantum computing amidst Geopolitical tensions. While the history between both nations goes back to the 1800s, Qatar can be a catalyst by providing investment opportunities in India as it aims to transition from a resource-driven to a human capital-driven economy.

What happened?

Between April 2024 and January 2025, India’s total exports (merchandise and services) increased by 7.21% to approximately $683 billion. However, imports also surged by 8.96% to around $770 billion, resulting in a trade deficit of about $87 billion. Merchandise exports for this period stood at $359 billion, while merchandise imports reached $602 billion, leading to a merchandise trade deficit of approximately $243 billion. The latest figures were released by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry on 15 February 2025.

Why it matters to India

A widening trade deficit puts pressure on India’s currency, external debt, and economic growth. While rising imports indicate strong domestic demand, over-reliance on foreign goods, particularly in sectors like electronics and petroleum, remains a concern. India needs to enhance exports, reduce import dependency, and strengthen trade partnerships to boost economic sustainability and improve its trade balance.

What happened?

India and Sri Lanka held a meeting to strengthen their cooperation in critical minerals exploration and mining. On 15 February 2025, India’s Union Minister of State for Coal and Mines, Satish Chandra Dubey, met with Sunil Handunnetti, Sri Lanka’s Minister of Industry and Entrepreneurship Development, in New Delhi. The discussions focused on fostering collaboration in mineral resources, with particular attention to a proposed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India’s Ministry of Mines and Sri Lanka’s Geological Survey & Mines Bureau on geology and mineral resource cooperation.

Why it matters to India:

This meeting holds strategic significance for India as it aligns with the country’s efforts to secure a stable supply of critical minerals essential for its renewable energy ambitions and high-tech industries. With Sri Lanka possessing vast reserves of graphite and beach sand minerals—key components in battery technologies and clean energy solutions—strengthening cooperation in mineral exploration and mining presents India with a valuable opportunity to reduce its dependence on external suppliers. The discussions also emphasised India’s National Critical Mineral Mission, which aims to ensure access to essential resources like lithium, nickel, and cobalt, reinforcing its broader economic and industrial objectives. The proposed MoU on geology and mineral resources is expected to formalise and expand collaboration, enabling India to play a key role in modernising Sri Lanka’s mining sector while securing long-term strategic interests. By encouraging Indian companies to invest in Sri Lanka’s mineral assets, the meeting also aligns with India’s broader geopolitical and economic goals, enhancing bilateral ties and regional stability.

What happened?

The first round of India-Chad Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) was held on 13 February 2025 in N’Djamena, Republic of Chad. It was co-chaired by Sevala Naik Mude, Additional Secretary for Central and West Africa, and Mrs. Fatime Aldjineh Garfa from Chad. During the FOC, both sides conducted a comprehensive review of India-Chad relations, encompassing key areas of bilateral cooperation.

Why it matters to India:

India and Chad maintain cordial relations characterised by mutual respect and shared values. Economically, bilateral trade reached $513.59 million in 2018-19, primarily due to India’s import of crude oil from Chad. Indian companies, notably Airtel, have invested significantly in Chad’s telecommunications sector, enhancing connectivity and economic ties. Chad’s strategic location in Central Africa and its role as a member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) further underscore its importance to India. The two nations have identified areas for cooperation, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, and defence, aiming to strengthen their bilateral partnership.

What happened?

At the recently concluded 61st Munich Security Conference, India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM)  S. Jaishankar met a cross-section of European leaders from Western, Central, and Nordic Europe to discuss and hear their views amid the ongoing thaw in US-Russia relations. The minister, however, had a tough message for the West’s approach to democracy, describing it as an exclusive Western characteristic.

Why it matters to India:

Jaishankar’s engagements with European leaders and his statements at the Munich Security Conference are significant for India as they underscore the country’s growing confidence and independent stance on the global stage. India has consistently advocated for peace and diplomacy to resolve the ongoing Ukraine-Russia crisis, a position that aligns with its long-standing commitment to dialogue as a means of conflict resolution. By meeting with key stakeholders across Europe, India reinforces its role as a neutral party capable of engaging with all sides.
These interactions also present valuable opportunities to strengthen bilateral relations with European partners and advance India’s economic and strategic interests. Jaishankar’s emphasis on India’s unique democratic model and its success in delivering for its people further highlights the country’s democratic credentials and its leadership in championing peace, particularly in regions affected by conflict.

What happened?

In his second meeting with India’s External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar in five months, Bangladesh’s interim government foreign affairs adviser, Mohammad Touhid Hossain, urged India to agree to a foreign secretaries’ meeting under the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) framework—a meeting that has not taken place in nine years. The request was made, according to the Bangladesh Foreign Ministry’s readout, when Hossain spoke to Jaishankar on the sidelines of the Indian Ocean Conference in Oman on 16 February. They had previously met in New York last September.

Why it matters to India:

Bangladesh’s push to revive SAARC and its warming ties with Pakistan poses a strategic challenge for India. While India has promoted the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) as an alternative to SAARC due to concerns over Pakistan’s role in cross-border terrorism, Bangladesh, under interim leader Muhammad Yunus, sees SAARC as a vital platform for regional cooperation. India faces the dilemma of whether to engage with SAARC again, a move that could open up tensions, particularly with Pakistan’s involvement. Meanwhile, Bangladesh’s recent diplomatic overtures toward Pakistan signal a shift in foreign policy, with Islamabad seeking to strengthen relations with Dhaka. This diversification of alliances complicates India’s diplomatic calculations. India now faces the delicate task of balancing its relationship with Bangladesh while ensuring that regional dynamics do not undermine its interests. Notably, Bangladesh’s foreign affairs adviser also “emphasised the importance of initiating the discussion for the renewal of the Ganges Water Treaty.”

What happened?

At the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Amir of the State of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani, will visit India from 17 to 18 February 2025. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) reports that the Amir will be accompanied by a high-level delegation, including ministers, senior officials, and a business delegation.

Why it matters to India:

India’s ties with Qatar are becoming increasingly important due to the country’s expanding diplomatic efforts in the Middle East. With ongoing tensions between Israel and Palestine resulting in conflict in Gaza, India has been strengthening ties with Middle Eastern nations while advocating for peace and regional stability. Qatar is India’s largest supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and hosts a significant Indian expatriate community, the largest in Qatar. Energy and geopolitics are expected to feature prominently on the agenda for the Amir’s visit, and India’s strategic diplomatic outreach in the region adds further significance to this visit.

What happened?

India and the U.S. have launched the COMPACT (Catalysing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce & Technology) initiative, a new framework designed to deepen defence cooperation and strategic alignment between the two countries. This includes a 10-year defence framework aimed at expanding joint production, procurement, and technology-sharing. The announcement was made during a recently concluded visit to the U.S. by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Why it matters to India

India’s growing defence partnership with the U.S. is a crucial step in countering security threats, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, where China’s increasing assertiveness poses a significant challenge. The agreement enhances India’s military capabilities by ensuring continued access to advanced U.S. defence technology, including Javelin anti-tank missiles, Stryker infantry combat vehicles, and additional P-8I maritime patrol aircraft. The integration of U.S.-origin platforms, such as C-130J Super Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, MH-60R Seahawks, AH-64E Apache helicopters, and MQ-9B drones, into India’s defence arsenal strengthens its operational readiness and interoperability with U.S. forces. Furthermore, the agreement to streamline arms transfer regulations and improve maintenance and spare supply chains enhances India’s defence procurement efficiency. The planned Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) agreement will also facilitate greater collaboration between Indian and U.S. defence industries, fostering long-term strategic ties. By securing access to cutting-edge military technology, India bolsters its deterrence capabilities, enhances its regional security posture, and solidifies its role as a key defence partner for the U.S.

What happened?

India and the United States have committed to negotiating the initial phase of a bilateral trade agreement by autumn 2025, with the ambitious goal of doubling trade volumes to $500 billion by 2030 under the ‘Mission 500’ initiative. A key aspect of this plan includes expanding India’s energy imports from the U.S. to address the existing trade imbalance and strengthen economic ties. The discussion on trade took place during the recently concluded visit to the U.S. by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Why it matters to India

The United States is India’s largest trading partner, and expanding bilateral trade offers India a strategic opportunity to increase its exports, particularly in sectors like technology, electronics, and jewellery. With the U.S. imposing high tariffs on China, Mexico, and Canada, India has the potential to capture a larger share of the American market, boosting its export-driven growth. Additionally, increased energy imports from the U.S. can help India diversify its energy sources, reducing reliance on the Middle East and improving its energy security. The agreement also signals a commitment to resolving trade disputes by addressing tariff and non-tariff barriers, improving market access for Indian businesses. While the U.S. trade deficit with India has widened in recent years, these negotiations indicate a cooperative approach to fostering economic growth on both sides. Strengthening trade ties with the U.S. not only enhances India’s global economic positioning but also lays the groundwork for sustained industrial and technological development.

What happened?

During his U.S. visit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk to explore opportunities for technological and industrial collaboration between India and the United States. Discussions focused on deepening cooperation in space exploration, artificial intelligence, sustainable energy, and digital connectivity.

Why it matters to India

This meeting holds strategic importance for India, given its aspirations to advance in critical technology sectors. One key area of discussion was the potential introduction of SpaceX’s Starlink satellite internet service, which could revolutionise broadband access in remote areas, helping bridge India’s digital divide. Expanding digital infrastructure is crucial for India’s economic and educational development, and such a collaboration could fast-track progress. Another key focus was Tesla’s growing interest in entering the Indian market, which aligns with India’s push for electric mobility and its broader commitment to clean energy. By encouraging investment from Tesla, India not only supports its environmental goals but also boosts local manufacturing, generates employment, and strengthens its role in the global EV supply chain. Furthermore, deeper engagement with leading technology firms like Tesla and SpaceX allows India to position itself as a key player in the fields of innovation, AI, and space exploration, ensuring it remains at the forefront of the global technological transformation.

What happened?

Artificial intelligence (AI), next-generation technologies, and semiconductors took centre stage in the high-level discussions between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House. The talks resulted in key announcements, including the launch of the U.S.-India TRUST (Transforming the Relationship Utilising Strategic Technology) initiative and INDUS Innovation, both aimed at strengthening bilateral technological cooperation.

Why it matters to India

The TRUST initiative is a significant step forward in India’s efforts to position itself as a major player in global technology development. This agreement seeks to enhance collaboration across crucial sectors, including defence, AI, semiconductors, quantum computing, biotechnology, energy, and space. A major aspect of the initiative involves developing a U.S.-India roadmap to accelerate AI infrastructure, ensuring access to computing power, AI processors, and next-generation data centres. Given the increasing global competition in AI and semiconductor technology, this partnership allows India to reduce its reliance on China for critical components and strengthen its domestic industry. Additionally, the INDUS Innovation framework, modelled after the successful INDUS-X defence-tech collaboration, aims to foster partnerships between private industries, research institutions, and the public sector, encouraging investment and knowledge-sharing. The deepening technological cooperation between India and the U.S. is expected to accelerate India’s progress in emerging fields, boost job creation, and solidify its role as a key global technology hub.

What happened?

India and the United States have jointly urged Pakistan to ensure that its territory is not used for cross-border terrorism, emphasising the need for decisive action against terrorist groups operating from its soil. A joint statement issued after high-level talks on 13 February 2025 reiterated the demand for Pakistan to swiftly bring to justice the perpetrators of the 2008 Mumbai attacks (26/11) and the 2016 Pathankot airbase attack. It underscored the urgency of preventing Pakistan-based terror outfits like Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) from orchestrating future attacks across borders.

Why it matters to India

The explicit mention of Pakistan in the joint statement reinforces international diplomatic pressure on Islamabad to take concrete action against terror groups. By securing strong backing from the United States, India strengthens its counterterrorism stance and reinforces its long-standing demand for accountability in past attacks. This statement not only calls for justice in specific terror incidents but also signals a larger commitment to ensuring that terror networks operating from Pakistan are dismantled. Moreover, the diplomatic move highlights the deepening counterterrorism cooperation between India and the U.S., reflecting a shared global priority in combating terrorism. It also bolsters India’s efforts to rally other international partners on this issue, enhancing its strategic position in global security frameworks.

What happened?

India and Tanzania held the second meeting of the Joint Working Group (JWG) on Counter-Terrorism in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from February 12-13, 2025. The meeting was led by Mr. K.D. Dewal, Joint Secretary for Counter-Terrorism in India’s Ministry of External Affairs, and Dr. Maduhu I. Kazi, Deputy Permanent Secretary of Tanzania’s Ministry of Home Affairs. Delegations from various departments and agencies from both nations participated.

Why it matters to India:

The two sides reviewed emerging threats in their regions, including state-sponsored and cross-border terrorism. They exchanged views on the use of the internet and new technologies for terrorist purposes, the global movement of terrorists, and radicalization. Both sides shared experiences in countering the financing of terrorism, transnational organized crime, and narco-terrorism. They committed to information sharing, capacity-building and continued bilateral and multilateral efforts to address these threats. The Indian delegation also visited the Police Forensic Bureau (PFB) of Tanzania, discussing strengthened cooperation with their counterparts in India. Both sides agreed to hold the next JWG meeting in Delhi on a mutually convenient date.

What happened?

The Indian government has approved ₹3,295.76 crore for 40 tourism projects under the Scheme for Special Assistance to States/UTs for Capital Investment (SASCI). These projects are aimed at enhancing tourism infrastructure, improving travel experiences, and positioning India as a leading global tourist hub. Key initiatives include the Swadesh Darshan 2.0 scheme for sustainable tourism, enhanced connectivity through inter-ministerial collaboration, and capacity-building programs to train service providers. The launch of the Incredible India Content Hub will further strengthen India’s digital tourism promotion.

Why it matters to India:

Tourism is a significant economic driver for India, contributing to employment, local business growth, and cultural exchange. Improved infrastructure and enhanced global marketing efforts are expected to attract more international visitors, boost domestic tourism, and elevate India’s reputation as a world-class travel destination.

What happened?

After attending the AI Action Summit in Paris, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Washington from February 12-13, 2025, at the invitation of U.S. President Donald Trump. During his visit, Modi held high-level bilateral talks with President Trump on a range of topics, including trade, technology, defence, security, energy, and people-to-people ties.

Why it matters to India:

Prime Minister Modi’s visit to the U.S. in 2025 reinforced the India-U.S. partnership with key agreements on defence, trade, technology, and energy. A new 10-year defence framework and joint military production deals enhanced security ties, while the Reciprocal Defense Procurement (RDP) agreement facilitated arms transfers. Economic outcomes included partial tariff dispute resolutions, the reinstatement of GSP benefits for Indian exports, and expanded U.S. market access. Technology collaboration was advanced through the Semiconductor Supply Chain Partnership and AI initiatives. Additionally, energy deals secured LNG supply and nuclear cooperation. Both nations reiterated their commitment to Indo-Pacific security, although challenges remain in digital trade and human rights discussions. The visit marked a shift towards a more results-oriented bilateral relationship.

What happened?

Following the conclusion of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to France, it was announced that French shipping major CMA CGM will play a crucial role in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC). This initiative, discussed during the visit with French President Emmanuel Macron at CMA CGM’s headquarters in Marseille, aims to enhance trade connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe.

Why it matters to India:

The IMEC is set to significantly boost India’s trade by improving logistical connectivity with Europe and the Middle East, reducing transportation time and costs. As a key player in global logistics, CMA CGM’s involvement will ensure the efficiency of the corridor. This strategic project aligns with India’s goal of becoming a central hub in international trade and is expected to create substantial economic growth opportunities, reinforcing India’s position on the global stage.

What happened?

The Indian government has proposed an industrial calendar to strengthen the connection between research and industry. Announced by Union Minister Jitendra Singh, the initiative calls for scientific labs under various ministries to schedule dedicated industrial meetings, fostering structured engagement with the private sector. The goal is to speed up the commercialisation of scientific breakthroughs and ensure that technological innovations reach the public more efficiently.

Why it matters to India:

This proposal is set to bridge the gap between research and industry, enhancing India’s innovation ecosystem. By increasing industry involvement in scientific progress, the government aims to fast-track the application of research in real-world solutions, ultimately benefiting public welfare and driving economic growth. The initiative also promotes inclusivity, providing underprivileged groups, such as tribal students, opportunities to engage with scientific research, which could contribute to a more diverse and innovative scientific community in India.

What happened?

Turkiye President Recep Tayyip Erdogan arrived in Pakistan for a two-day visit today (February 13, 2025) aimed at enhancing bilateral relations between the two countries. During his visit, discussions will focus on expanding trade, deepening defence cooperation, and strengthening ties in business and technology. Erdogan expressed his hope that the visit would further solidify the longstanding friendship between Turkey and Pakistan, particularly within the Islamic world.

Why it matters to India:

Erdogan’s visit to Pakistan is significant for India due to Turkiye’s longstanding support for Pakistan, particularly in the context of Kashmir. Turkiye has historically aligned with Pakistan’s position on Kashmir, which has caused diplomatic friction with India. Additionally, with Turkiye strengthening its relationship with Pakistan in defence and trade, this alignment could lead to a more influential role for Turkiye in the region, which will have long-term implications for India’s strategic interests.  With increasing defence collaboration and trade between Turkey and Pakistan, India may view these developments with concern, particularly as they relate to regional security and geopolitical alignment in South Asia.

What happened?

India took part in the 63rd session of the Commission for Social Development (CSocD63) at the United Nations headquarters in New York. The session reviewed global progress on social development policies, focusing on poverty alleviation, social protection, and inclusive economic growth.

Why it matters to India:

India’s participation reinforces its commitment to sustainable and inclusive development, aligning with its national policies such as Ayushman Bharat (universal healthcare), the National Education Policy (NEP), and Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). These initiatives contribute to India’s social transformation and serve as models for other developing nations.

Engagement at CSocD63 also strengthens India’s diplomatic standing in multilateral organisations, allowing it to influence global policy discussions on social equity, employment, and economic resilience. India’s emphasis on digital public infrastructure and welfare-driven growth positions it as a leader in South-South cooperation.

What happened?

The inaugural India-Equatorial Guinea Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) were held on 10 February 2025 in Malabo, Republic of Equatorial Guinea. The meeting was co-chaired by Sevala Naik Mude, Additional Secretary (Central and West Africa), Ministry of External Affairs, India, and Mr Matias Nguema Mba Medja, Secretary General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and Diaspora, Equatorial Guinea.

Discussions covered a comprehensive review of bilateral relations, with a focus on trade, investment, mining, agriculture, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, education, defence, maritime security, and digital infrastructure. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to expanding economic and diplomatic engagement, as well as enhancing cooperation in multilateral forums.

Why it matters to India:

India’s engagement with Equatorial Guinea aligns with its broader Africa strategy, emphasising economic cooperation, energy security, and capacity building. India gifted 10,000 kg of anti-retroviral drugs and diagnostic kits for HIV management, reinforcing its commitment to global healthcare partnerships.

Bilateral trade between the two countries reached USD 347.10 million in 2023–24, with oil and gas imports constituting a significant portion. While trade peaked at USD 983.80 million in 2019–20, there remains substantial potential for diversification, particularly in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and pharmaceuticals.

Equatorial Guinea’s participation in India-led multilateral initiatives such as the Voice of Global South Summits and International Solar Alliance further strengthens diplomatic ties. The commitment to holding the next round of consultations in New Delhi signals the intent to deepen cooperation across sectors.

What happened?

India and France bolstered their strategic partnership during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s two-day visit (10-12 February 2025) by signing key agreements in technology, civil nuclear energy, environmental sustainability, and cultural affairs.

Why it matters to India:

Prime Minister Modi’s visit to France strengthened India’s strategic partnership with key agreements in technology, civil nuclear energy, environmental sustainability, and cultural affairs. Both countries issued a declaration on artificial intelligence and launched the India-France Year of Innovation 2026 logo. A letter of intent was signed to establish the Indo-French Center for Digital Sciences, and 10 Indian startups will be hosted at France’s Station F incubator. The visit also saw strengthened civil nuclear cooperation, including agreements on advanced modular reactors and small modular reactors. India and France signed a joint declaration for a Triangular Development Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific and committed to collaborating on environmental issues like biodiversity and marine conservation. The inauguration of India’s Consulate in Marseille will further enhance people-to-people and cultural ties.

What happened?

At ongoing Aero India 2025 in Bengaluru, India’s Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh held discussions with delegations from leading aerospace firms, including GE Aerospace, Safran, Leonardo S.p.A., Dassault Aviation, and BAE Systems. The meetings aimed to advance strategic partnerships, facilitate technology transfer, and explore future collaboration opportunities in India’s aerospace and defence sectors. Additionally, the Defence Secretary met with Lieutenant General Gael Diaz de Tuesta, Director of the International Directorate of the Directorate General of Armament, France, to discuss joint projects and strengthen defence-industrial cooperation.

Why it matters to India:

India’s engagement with global aerospace firms aligns with its Aatmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) initiative, seeking to enhance indigenous defence manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports. The discussions underscore India’s strategy of leveraging foreign collaboration to build a robust defence industrial base. Key focus areas include bolstering maritime security, expanding defence production capabilities, and addressing emerging threats like cyber warfare and climate-induced security risks. India’s active pursuit of strategic partnerships reflects its aspiration to play a greater role in global security while ensuring that its defence sector becomes a driver of economic growth.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, the Fourth India-UK Energy Dialogue was held in New Delhi, co-chaired by Union Minister of Power and Housing Manohar Lal Khattar and UK Secretary for Energy Security and Net Zero, Ed Miliband. The two leaders launched Phase 2 of the ASPIRE programme, which focuses on enhancing power supply, expanding renewable energy, and promoting industrial energy efficiency and decarbonisation. They also discussed expanding cooperation in energy storage, offshore wind, and green data centres, while exploring new opportunities in electric mobility and MSME development.

 Why it matters to India:

This dialogue deepens India-UK collaboration on energy security and sustainable development. It will support India’s transition to a cleaner energy future, particularly in renewable energy, decarbonisation, and energy efficiency. The establishment of a UK-India Offshore Wind Taskforce and progress in green hydrogen projects signify a new era of energy cooperation. India’s experience in solar energy implementation, such as the Solar Rooftop Programme, was also highlighted as an example of success that can inform future collaboration. This partnership supports both nations’ energy transition goals while promoting economic growth and job creation.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, India reaffirmed its commitment to the strategic Chabahar port in Iran, despite US efforts to rescind sanctions waivers. The US had recently imposed new measures targeting Iran’s nuclear program, including potential changes to Chabahar’s sanctions waiver. India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stated that the port has proven its importance in enhancing connectivity to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan. Chabahar has been pivotal for India’s humanitarian efforts, with significant supplies delivered to Afghanistan through the port.

Why it matters to India:

India has invested millions in Chabahar, recognising it as a critical link to Afghanistan and Central Asia, crucial for regional trade and security. The port also offers an alternative route to support Afghanistan’s reconstruction efforts. India’s commitment to Chabahar is a cornerstone of its broader strategic relationship with Iran, and its development has strengthened India’s geopolitical positioning in the region. The port’s role in facilitating humanitarian aid underscores its broader importance in India’s foreign policy.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, experts from India and France gathered at Sciences Po University in Paris to discuss artificial intelligence (AI) policy and governance. The second India-France AI Policy Roundtable, a key side event to the AI Action Summit, was organised by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) of the Government of India, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, the IndiaAI Mission, and Sciences Po Paris. The discussions focused on data protection, AI foundation models, and data sovereignty, with an emphasis on cross-border data flows and the need for harmonised global AI governance frameworks.

Why it matters to India:

The roundtable highlighted the importance of making AI accessible to all, setting internationally recognised standards, and ensuring ethical AI deployment. Key issues included the development of sovereign AI models, multilingual large language models (LLMs), federated AI infrastructure, and sustainable AI practices. India and France discussed the potential for collaboration on indigenous AI models and cross-border research and data-sharing initiatives. This event built on the first India-France AI Policy Roundtable held in Bengaluru, reinforcing conversations on inclusive AI frameworks and public-private partnerships for responsible AI development.

What happened?

On February 11, 2025, at the Paris AI Action Summit, co-chaired by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President Emmanuel Macron, global leaders convened to discuss AI governance, innovation, and ethical deployment. 

PM Modi emphasised the need for a collective global approach to AI regulation, addressing challenges such as bias in AI models, data security, misinformation, and sustainability. He also highlighted India’s leadership in AI adoption, digital public infrastructure, and responsible AI governance, positioning the country as a key player in shaping the global AI future.

Why it matters to India:

India views AI as a powerful tool for economic growth, governance, and societal transformation. At the Paris AI Action Summit, PM Modi highlighted the country’s focus on ethical, inclusive, and responsible AI development, emphasising its potential to drive progress in healthcare, education, and agriculture. As a leader in AI adoption, India is committed to developing open-source systems, bias-free data sets, and people-centric applications to ensure accessibility, especially in the Global South. Recognising AI’s risks—such as cyber threats, disinformation, and job displacement—India is investing in skill development and regulatory frameworks to create a balanced AI ecosystem. 

Additionally, India is integrating AI with sustainable energy solutions, reinforcing its leadership in both technological and environmental innovation. Through global collaboration, public-private partnerships, and its National AI Mission, India aims to shape an AI-driven future that is secure, transparent, and beneficial for all.

What happened?

Last week, a parliamentary panel recommended that the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) conduct a “comprehensive security assessment” of all Indian missions and posts abroad. The assessment is to account for the geopolitical situation, potential threats, and vulnerabilities in host countries. The report, presented by the Committee on External Affairs, also highlighted that India currently does not have resident missions in 42 countries.

Why it matters to India:

This recommendation, outlined in the Fourth Report of the Committee on External Affairs for the fiscal year 2024-25, stresses the importance of securing India’s diplomatic infrastructure. Led by Congress MP Shashi Tharoor, the report also outlines key criteria for establishing new missions based on factors like economic partnerships, strategic cooperation, and diaspora engagement. The report emphasises that adequate resources should be allocated for the protection of both the physical and digital infrastructure of the missions. 

The recommendations are particularly relevant in the context of rising security concerns in countries like Bangladesh, parts of West Asia, and the growing issue of anti-India activities in Canada, which have impacted bilateral relations.

What happened?

On February 8, 2025, a report by Bain & Company revealed that India’s pharmaceutical exports are projected to grow significantly. The report, titled Healing the World: Roadmap for Making India a Global Pharma Exports Hub, forecasts that exports will double from approximately $27 billion in 2023 to $65 billion by 2030 and could reach $350 billion by 2047. The report was unveiled during the Indian Drug Manufacturers Association’s (IDMA) 63rd Annual Day event in Mumbai by Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal.

Why it matters to India:

This growth target aligns with India’s ambition to transition from the “pharmacy of the world” to the “healthcare custodian of the world.” While India is the largest global supplier of generic drugs, it ranks 11th in export value. The expansion of the pharmaceutical sector is crucial to India’s vision of becoming a global healthcare leader, contributing to economic growth, fostering innovation, and establishing the country as a top player in the global healthcare ecosystem.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, the 15th edition of Aero India, Asia’s largest aerospace and defence exhibition, began at the Yelahanka Air Force Station in Bengaluru, Karnataka. The event spans over 42,000 square metres and features more than 900 exhibitors, including 150 international firms, making it the largest Aero India exhibition. This year’s theme is “The Runway to a Billion Opportunities.”

Why it matters to India:

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh highlighted the importance of the exhibition, noting the participation of over 90 nations as a sign of growing global confidence in India’s aerospace and defence capabilities. He also emphasised that the presence of air chiefs and representatives from 43 countries demonstrates the event’s international significance. Aero India is a key platform to showcase India’s growing defence capabilities, strengthen global partnerships, and support the government’s vision of a self-reliant and resilient India. Additionally, it serves to inspire the nation’s youth towards innovation and scientific progress.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi departed for a four-day visit to France and the United States. During his trip, he will engage in talks with French President Emmanuel Macron and US President Donald Trump. PM Modi will be in France from February 10-12, co-chairing the AI Action Summit and inaugurating the first Indian Consulate in Marseille. He will also visit the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project, which India partners with. From France, he will proceed to the United States for a two-day visit from February 13-14 to meet President Trump.

Why it matters to India:

These visits are significant as it marks the first meeting between PM Modi and President Trump following the latter’s second-term inauguration. The visit to the U.S. will provide an opportunity to review and strengthen the India-U.S. strategic partnership, focusing on technology, trade, defence, energy, and supply chain resilience. For India, the trip to France underscores the strengthening of India-France ties, particularly in sectors such as artificial intelligence, nuclear energy, and defence collaboration. The visit to both nations is a step towards cementing India’s position as a global leader in technology and innovation while reinforcing diplomatic and economic ties with key international partners.

What happened?

India is set to inaugurate the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Desk in New Delhi on February 10, 2025, marking a significant step in strengthening economic relations with the EFTA. Union Minister for Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal, along with representatives from the EFTA bloc, will inaugurate the desk at Bharat Mandapam. The initiative aims to facilitate trade, investment, and business cooperation between India and the four EFTA nations—Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.

Why it matters to India:

The EFTA Desk will support India’s economic growth by enhancing trade and investment links with key European countries. Under the India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA), signed on March 10, 2024, the desk will provide regulatory guidance, business matchmaking, and insights into India’s investment landscape. The EFTA has committed to investing $100 billion in India over the next 15 years, which is expected to create one million direct jobs. This collaboration offers India greater market access, particularly for non-agricultural products and processed agricultural goods, which is vital for India’s long-term economic development.

What happened?

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit the United States on 12-13 February to hold talks with US President Donald Trump and engage with senior leaders of the US administration. This will be PM Modi’s first visit to the US since President Trump’s second-term inauguration.

Why it matters to India

During a special media briefing, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri emphasised the significance of the visit, stating that PM Modi’s trip within three weeks of the new administration taking office highlights the strategic importance of the India-US partnership. Misri confirmed that energy and defence will be key focus areas in discussions between PM Modi and President Trump.

What happened?

India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) on February 7, 2025 summoned Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India, Md. Nural Islam, to express concerns over continued negative remarks by Bangladeshi authorities regarding India.

Why it matters to India:

On February 6, 2025, Bangladesh formally lodged a strong protest with India over remarks made by deposed Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, particularly concerning the alleged recent vandalism of her father Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s house. Bangladesh’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs criticised Hasina’s statements as “false and fabricated” and described her activities while in exile in India as a “hostile act.”

MEA Spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal, in an official statement, said:

“Comments attributed to former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina have been made in her individual capacity, in which India has no role to play. Conflating this with the Government of India’s position will not contribute positively to bilateral relations. While the Government of India remains committed to fostering a mutually beneficial relationship, we expect Bangladesh to reciprocate in a similar manner without vitiating the atmosphere.”

This recent development came in the backdrop of India condemning the demolition of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s residence in Dhaka, calling it an act of vandalism that must be strongly denounced.

What happened?

Ahead of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the United States, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh spoke with U.S. Secretary of Defence Pete Hegseth over the phone on February 06, 2025. Singh congratulated Hegseth on his confirmation and further discussed ways to strengthen the India-US bilateral defence partnership. Both leaders agreed on an ambitious operational, intelligence, logistics, and defence-industrial cooperation agenda.

Why it matters to India:

The phone discussion took place less than a week before Prime Minister Modi’s scheduled visit to Washington, where he is set to meet U.S. President Donald Trump. Over the past decade, India and the U.S. have significantly deepened their defence collaboration, launching several initiatives to enhance bilateral ties. The India-US strategic partnership is built on shared values, including a commitment to democracy and a rules-based international order.

India and the U.S. are now actively collaborating on technology development, integration of defence industrial supply chains, enhanced interoperability, logistics and information sharing, and joint military exercises. Both sides also support innovation in defence through government, start-ups, businesses, and academic partnerships. India and the US have also agreed to draft a comprehensive framework for defence cooperation, shaping bilateral collaboration from 2025 to 2035.

What happened?

In a significant step towards strengthening India’s defence capabilities and realising the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) has signed contracts worth ₹10,147 crore with three leading Indian companies: Economic Explosives Ltd (EEL), Munitions India Ltd (MIL), and Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL). The agreements aim to enhance the Indian Army’s firepower by equipping it with advanced rockets for the PINAKA Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS). This marks a major milestone in the modernisation of India’s artillery forces.

Why it matters to India:

This procurement marks a crucial step in the modernisation of India’s Artillery Rocket Regiments, strengthening the nation’s long-range precision strike capabilities. The deal is also expected to generate employment opportunities, particularly within India’s MSME sector, as domestic industries play a central role in defence production. By prioritising indigenous manufacturing, this initiative aligns with India’s vision of self-reliance in defence technology. It also cements the country’s position as a key player in global defence innovation while reinforcing its commitment to national security and technological advancement.

What happened?

The 5th Joint Working Group (JWG) meeting between the Ministry of Defence (MoD) of India and Spain took place in New Delhi on February 6, 2025. The meeting was co-chaired by Amitabh Prasad, Joint Secretary of International Cooperation (India), and Brigadier General Paulino Garcia Diego, Special Advisor on Defence Diplomacy to the Secretary General of Defence Policy (Spain).

Why it matters to India:

During the JWG meeting, both sides reviewed ongoing bilateral defence cooperation initiatives and outlined plans for further collaboration, particularly in the maritime domain. Discussions focused on strengthening ties in technology and armament production. A key highlight of the talks was the C295 Project, a collaboration between Airbus Spain and Tata Advanced Systems Limited. As the first Make-in-India initiative in the defence aircraft sector, this project has encouraged deeper cooperation between Indian and Spanish companies. Both nations are now exploring further opportunities for joint ventures in aerospace and defence manufacturing.

What happened?

On 6 February 2025, India’s National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog organised a high-level conclave titled “Towards Viksit Bharat@2047: Strengthening Economy, National Security, Global Partnerships, and Law” at Sushma Swaraj Bhawan, New Delhi. The event brought together key policymakers, including the Vice Chairman, Members, and CEO of NITI Aayog, alongside distinguished speakers such as the Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India and the Secretary of the Ministry of Defence.

Why it matters to India:

The conclave addressed several crucial areas of India’s development trajectory, offering key insights into economic growth, strategic partnerships, and national security. Regarding economic growth and global competitiveness, the panel highlighted the need for regulatory reforms, infrastructure expansion, and deeper integration into global trade. Experts emphasised the importance of private sector investment in research and development, energy security, and access to critical raw materials as key drivers for sustained growth. Strengthening fiscal policies and fostering innovation were also seen as essential for long-term competitiveness. In the area of strategic partnerships for development, the panel focused on India’s diplomatic role in balancing alliances with both the Global South and North while advocating for trade liberalisation and tariff reduction. India’s leadership in renewable energy and the importance of international cooperation in securing critical minerals were also discussed. Additionally, strengthening digital infrastructure and reforming legal frameworks were identified as vital to attracting global investment and improving the ease of doing business. Lastly, in the panel on supply chain resilience and national defence, experts explored the need for a robust defence supply chain, distinguishing between civilian Just in Time and military Just in Case models. Cybersecurity was recognised as essential to safeguarding supply chain integrity. The panel also discussed how public-private partnerships could enhance defence procurement and logistics management.

What happened?

India’s External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, stated that the Indian government is engaging with the US to ensure that deportees are not mistreated. “It is the obligation of all countries to take back their nationals if found to be living illegally abroad,” he said. Jaishankar also met Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 February 2025 to brief him on the issue.

On 5 February 2025, a US military aircraft landed in Amritsar, carrying 104 deported Indian nationals. These deportations come as part of increased US immigration enforcement efforts, primarily targeting individuals who entered the country illegally or overstayed their visas. They align with U.S. President Donald Trump’s hard stance on the estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants in the US.

Why it matters to India:

The Indian government has consistently maintained that it does not justify or support illegal immigration. Its cooperation with Trump’s deportation policy appears to be a strategic move to strengthen its case for the H-1B visa programme, which India argues benefits both nations. By readily accepting deported individuals, India could be attempting to counter anti-immigrant sentiment in the US while advocating for legal migration pathways for Indian professionals. India has also agreed to take back approximately 18,000 ‘irregular immigrants’ identified for deportation by the US government. This is not the first instance of India repatriating deported nationals from the US. The current India-U.S. deliberations on the issue of illegal migration should, therefore, be viewed within the broader context of India’s migration diplomacy, which prioritises legal migration over irregular and unlawful migration.

What happened?

India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is “seriously considering” enacting a new law, tentatively titled the Overseas Mobility (Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, 2024, which would replace the “outdated provisions” of the Emigration Act of 1983. This was stated in the fourth report of the Parliamentary Committee on External Affairs, presented to the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) on February 3, 2025. The move comes amid controversy surrounding the deportation of over a hundred Indian migrants by the United States, who were returned to India on a C-17 US military aircraft, bound in chains and shackles, after landing in Amritsar yesterday.

Why it matters to India:

The proposed legislation aims to create a robust framework that will ensure safe, orderly, and regular migration for overseas employment. The draft of this bill is currently being consulted with relevant ministries. Emigration is a key area of focus, as the MEA reports that there are currently 15.85 million Indians living abroad, with around 15 million employed in various jobs—both skilled and unskilled. In recent years, the government has prioritised creating mobility agreements to simplify the migration process. India has already signed labour mobility pacts with five countries, including Taiwan. These agreements include nations like Israel, Malaysia, Japan, Portugal, and Mauritius.

Additionally, India has entered into memorandums of understanding on migration and mobility with several countries, including the UK, France, Germany, Australia, Austria, Italy, and Denmark. However, the current legal framework is still based on the Emigration Act of 1983, a law that has now been in place for over 40 years.

What happened?

India’s Ministry of External Affairs, in association with the University Grants Commission (UGC) as the knowledge partner and the League of Arab States (LAS) as the co-organiser, organised the 1st India-Arab Universities’ Presidents’ Conference at Sushma Swaraj Bhawan, New Delhi, from 5th to 6th February 2025. The conference was held under the education vertical of the Executive Program for the implementation of the Memorandum of Cooperation between India and LAS.

Why it matters to India:

The conference served as a platform for universities from India and the Arab world to engage with one another in meaningful ways. It also brought together the collective vision of academicians for the future of higher education. The conference aimed at harnessing the potential of higher education in ways that transcended national borders and laid the groundwork for future collaboration in the field of higher education between India and the Arab world.

Four sessions of the conference were focused on Higher Education and Skill Development Cooperation between India and LAS towards Development and Prosperity; Innovative and New Areas of Academic Cooperation, including Sharing Experiences on New Approaches in Education, such as the Usage of Digital Platforms; Academic Cooperation, including the Current Status and Challenges of Mutual Recognition of Degrees; and Promoting Joint Scientific and Technological Research and Innovation, including AI, Quantum Computing, and Biotechnology.

What happened?

Greek Foreign Affairs Minister George Gerapetritis is on a four-day visit to India from February 05-08, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) will be a key focus during a meeting between Greece’s Foreign Minister and India’s External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, scheduled for February 6, 2025. Greece holds significant strategic importance for India within the framework of the IMEEC due to its location in Europe, making it a vital gateway to the European market. The country’s seaports, especially Piraeus, are crucial entry points for Indian goods destined for Europe. This geographic advantage facilitates faster and more efficient movement of goods compared to traditional sea routes, potentially reducing transportation costs and transit times. India also considers that Greece could play a key role in facilitating trade negotiations and agreements between India and the European Union.

What happened?

On February 4, 2025, India-UK Consultations on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation were held in New Delhi. The Indian delegation was led by Ms Muanpuii Saiawi, Joint Secretary (Disarmament and International Security Affairs), Ministry of External Affairs, while the UK delegation was led by Mr Stephen Lillie, Director for Defence and International Security at the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.

The two sides discussed developments in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation relating to nuclear, chemical and biological domains, as well as regional non-proliferation issues, outer space security-related matters, conventional weapons, including AI in the military domain and multilateral export control regimes.

Why it matters to India:

The India-UK consultations on disarmament and non-proliferation hold significant importance for India as they build upon the strategic commitments made in April 2022 when both nations reaffirmed their desire to strengthen civil nuclear cooperation. At that time, India and the UK welcomed the UK’s renewed collaboration with the Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP) to jointly promote research and training in nuclear energy studies, radioactive applications, and nuclear security and safety. These consultations provide a platform to advance negotiations on a renewed and strengthened India-UK Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, bolstering India’s nuclear energy capabilities while ensuring adherence to global safety standards. Furthermore, both countries share a vested interest in promoting nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, aligning with their broader goals of global security.

What happened?

India’s finance ministry has asked its employees to avoid using AI tools, including ChatGPT and DeepSeek, for official purposes, citing risks posed to the confidentiality of government documents and data, an internal department advisory showed. “It has been determined that AI tools and AI apps (such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, etc.) in the office computers and devices pose risks for the confidentiality of (government) data and documents,” said the advisory by the Indian Finance Ministry dated January 29, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

Countries like Australia and Italy have placed similar restrictions on using DeepSeek, citing data security risks. Notably, the advisory reports surfaced on social media on February 04, 2025, ahead of a scheduled visit to India by OpenAI chief Sam Altman, who is scheduled to meet India’s IT minister. OpenAI is also facing the heat in India due to a high-profile copyright infringement battle with India’s top media houses. In court filings, the company has argued that since it does not have its servers in the country and Indian courts should not hear the matter.

What happened?

At the invitation of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, the King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, paid a special visit to India to attend the Maha Kumbh Mela from February 03-04, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

According to an official statement by India’s Ministry of External Affairs: “India and Bhutan enjoy unique ties of friendship and cooperation, which are characterised by mutual understanding and trust. The visit of His Majesty, the King of Bhutan, is in keeping with the tradition of regular high-level exchanges between India and Bhutan, an important hallmark of the special partnership.” Beyond the optics, the Bhutanese King’s visit signifies Bhutan’s deep understanding of Indian culture and the spiritual significance of the Maha Kumbh. Last year, the King and Queen of Bhutan visited India in March 2024 and December 2024.

What happened?

According to a report by consultancy firm Wood Mackenzie, India’s natural gas production is expected to peak in 2025, growing by 4.5% before declining at an average rate of 3.6% annually until 2030 due to ageing fields and project delays. After 2030, production could fall even faster—by 9% annually—driven by resource exhaustion and fewer new discoveries. As domestic output shrinks, India’s dependence on imported liquefied natural gas (LNG) will surge, making it the world’s third-largest LNG importer after China and Japan by 2032.

Why it matters to India:

Rising import dependence threatens India’s energy security, exposing the economy to global price fluctuations and supply disruptions, especially amid geopolitical tensions. This could strain the trade balance, increasing the current account deficit. Additionally, costlier LNG imports may impact industries like fertilisers, refining, and city gas distribution, raising operational costs and consumer prices. To mitigate these risks, India must implement effective policy reforms, attract private investments, and fast-track domestic exploration projects, as outlined in the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill introduced in 2024.

What happened?

India has paid United States Dollars (USD) 37.64 million to the United Nations (UN) Regular Budget for 2025, joining the “honour roll” of 35 member states who have paid their regular budget assessments in full and on time to the UN. According to the UN Committee on Contributions, as of 31 January 2025, thirty-five member states have paid their regular budget assessments in full within the 30-day due period specified in the UN financial regulations. India contributed USD 37.64 million to the 2025 UN Regular Budget and paid on 31 January 2025.

Why it matters to India:

 According to the provisions of Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter), every member state is legally obligated to pay their respective share towards peacekeeping. The assessed contributions provide a reliable funding source for core functions of the UN Secretariat via the UN regular and peacekeeping budgets.

Like all UN member states, India contributes to the United Nations budget to support its operations, peacekeeping missions, and various global programmes. These contributions are part of its obligations as a UN member under the UN Charter. The funds help maintain international peace and security, promote sustainable development, protect human rights, and respond to humanitarian crises. India’s timely and full payments reflect its commitment to multilateralism and global governance. As a country that values its role in international affairs, India sees these contributions as essential to strengthening its diplomatic influence, supporting global stability, and reinforcing its image as a responsible global actor.

What happened?

The Deputy National Security Advisers (Deputy NSAs) of the United Kingdom (UK) and India met in London last week to evaluate progress under the UK-India Technology Security Initiative (TSI). They discussed collaboration in Artificial Intelligence (AI), telecommunications, and critical minerals, highlighting the shared commitment to technological innovation.

Why it matters to India:

The India-UK collaboration in cutting-edge technologies, framed under the UK-India Technology Security Initiative (TSI) of July 2024, marks a significant milestone in the growing bilateral relationship between the two countries. The TSI is being coordinated by the National Security Advisers (NSAs) of both countries through existing and new dialogues. The NSAs also set priority areas and identify interdependencies for cooperation on critical and emerging technologies, which will, in turn, help build meaningful technology value chain partnerships between India and the UK. The TSI seeks to address the increasing role of technology in national security and economic development to elevate the strategic partnership between India and the UK. Building on the India-UK Roadmap 2030, the TSI sharpens the focus on critical and emerging technologies (CET) across key sectors, enhancing existing collaborations and establishing new mechanisms for cooperation.

What happened?

India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM), Dr Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, while addressing the second India International Centre (IIC)-Bruegel Annual Seminar in Delhi on 4 February 2025, reiterated India’s position on multilateralism on a global scale, saying different standards have been applied to countries in the East and the West. The minister called out the selective and uneven application of “matters of principle” for different countries and asserted that any global agenda can no longer be set by a handful of powers.

Why it matters to India:

 Speaking at the second IIC-Bruegel Annual Seminar in Delhi, the EAM said, “The world is currently witnessing two major conflicts. These are often presented as matters of principle. We are told that the very future of the world order is at stake. Yet, the record shows how selectively and unevenly these principles have been applied.”

Emphasis on multilateralism, as highlighted by the EAM, reflects India’s ambition to reshape global governance structures to be more inclusive and equitable. This stance matters to India because it seeks to challenge the dominance of a few Western powers in setting international norms, advocating instead for a system that recognises the voices of emerging economies. By calling out the selective application of global principles, India aims to protect its strategic interests, strengthen its global influence, and ensure that international rules are fairer to countries in the Global South.

What happened?

Energy ministers from over 20 nations, including advanced economies, top energy producers, and key countries from the Global South, are set to participate in the upcoming India Energy Week (IEW) 2025 in New Delhi from 11 to 14 February 2025. In addition to ministers, the event will witness the presence of foreign ambassadors, heads of prominent international organisations, and 90 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) or executive board members from some of the world’s largest Fortune 500 energy corporations.

Why it matters to India:

As one of the first major energy events of the year, IEW will set the strategic tone for the sector in 2025, addressing pressing challenges and emerging opportunities. Organised under the patronage of India’s Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and in collaboration with the Federation of Indian Petroleum Industry (FIPI) and dmg events, IEW 2025 aims to foster collaboration and innovation that will shape the future of global energy. The event will host 10 country pavilions featuring nations such as the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), the Russian Federation, Japan, Germany, and the Netherlands. Additionally, eight thematic zones will focus on key sectors such as hydrogen, renewables, biofuels, and petrochemicals, providing a platform for discussing energy transition and sustainable development.

What happened?

Amid President of the United States Donald Trump’s imposition of tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China, the Government of India, in its Union Budget for the Financial Year (FY) 2025–26 presented on 2 February 2025, significantly reduced customs duties on high-end motorcycles, luxury cars, and smartphone components—a move that could benefit American companies like Harley-Davidson, Tesla, and Apple. Additionally, India has reportedly prepared a fact sheet for diplomats from the United States on tariffs for key American products to showcase that import duties on the top 30 items (led by crude petroleum, coking coal, aeroplanes, and liquefied natural gas) from the United States are all below 7.5% as a course correction to ‘correct bad optics.’

Why it matters to India:

Despite cordial ties between the United States and India, President Trump has often grouped India with China as a “tariff abuser” country. Notably, India’s move on tariffs comes on the eve of the likely visit of Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi to the United States in mid-February, which seems to have helped persuade the Trump administration not to impose tariffs on India as it has done with Mexico, Canada, and China. Amid President Trump’s tariff threats, India’s strategic duty cuts aim to boost domestic production while mitigating trade disruptions in an unpredictable global market. For instance, according to Chairman of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, the rationalisation of tariff rates—reducing them from 15 to eight slabs, including the zero rate—should help “correct” the bad “optics” and send a clear signal to the world that “we are not a high-tariff country.”

What happened? 

The Chairman of Russia’s State Duma (lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia), Vyacheslav Volodin, arrived on an official visit to India on 3 February 2025.

Why it matters to India:

The visit of Chairman Vyacheslav Volodin comes against the backdrop of a likely visit by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin for the annual India-Russia Leaders’ Summit later this year. According to the Embassy of the Russian Federation in New Delhi, discussions during the visit will cover issues related to India-Russia cooperation in economic, cultural, educational, and technological spheres and the development of interparliamentary dialogue.

What happened?

The Kingdom of Morocco is seeking direct air connectivity with the Republic of India to support the rise in trade and tourism. While the share of Indian nationals in total arrivals is small, it is growing rapidly. Over 40,000 Indian citizens visited Morocco in 2024, marking a 43% increase compared to 2023. Indian arrivals in the country have risen by 150% compared to 2019.

Why it matters to India:

Morocco has emerged as a key supplier of phosphate-based fertilisers to India in recent years. Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) announced the establishment of a plant in Morocco in September 2024 to produce wheeled armoured platforms. Travel between the two countries is increasing, and discussions on direct flights have gathered momentum. Alongside tourism, Morocco also seeks more Indian investments in defence, information technology (IT), and logistics. It is exploring the export of fruits to India to diversify trade. Bilateral trade between the two countries stood at $2.4 billion in FY 2023–24, with faster growth in Indian exports.

What happened?

The Union Budget of the Republic of India for 2025 was presented on 1 February 2025 by the Minister of Finance, Nirmala Sitharaman. The budgetary allocations for the Ministry of Defence (MoD) were made in line with the Government of India’s vision for ‘Viksit Bharat @ 2047,’ aiming for technologically advanced, self-reliant (‘Aatmanirbhar’) armed forces. The Union Budget has allocated ₹6,81,210.27 crore for FY 2025–26 for the MoD. This allocation is 9.53% higher than the budget estimate for FY 2024–25 and accounts for 13.45% of the Union Budget, the highest among all ministries. Under capital expenditure, ₹48,614 crore has been set aside for aircraft and aero engines, while ₹24,391 crore has been allocated for the naval fleet. An amount of ₹63,099 crore has been earmarked for other equipment.

Why it matters to India:

The defence budget aligns with the Ministry of Defence’s decision to observe FY 2025–26 as the ‘Year of Reforms,’ aiming to modernise India’s armed forces and simplify the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) to ensure the optimum utilisation of funds. A notable aspect of this budget is the enhanced investment in border security and maritime capabilities against growing challenges as neighbouring countries, particularly the People’s Republic of China, continue to advance their military capabilities, including enhancements in air power and naval fleets.

What happened?

During the ongoing Israel-Gaza ceasefire, India has reignited diplomatic efforts to advance the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC). India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar discussed the project during his recent visit to UAE from January 27-29, 2025. 

Why it matters to India:  

The IMEC aims to create a trade route from India, the Middle East, and Europe, enhancing trade and infrastructure. Despite a delay due to the Israel-Gaza conflict, India views IMEC as vital for long-term strategic influence. A successful implementation could bolster India’s role in reshaping regional supply chains, enhancing energy security, and fostering alliances with key partners like the UAE and Saudi Arabia. The conflict in Gaza had stalled IMEC’s progress by disrupting Israel-Arab normalisation efforts critical to the corridor’s northern route, heightening security risks at key ports like Haifa, and diverting diplomatic focus to ceasefire negotiations over infrastructure planning.

What happened?

India’s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, while presenting the Union Budget on February 01, 2025, announced a bold target of developing 100 gigawatts (GW) of nuclear power capacity by 2047, with a strong emphasis on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), marking a strategic shift towards sustainable and clean energy solutions. 

Why it matters to India:

The 100 GW nuclear power target is part of India’s broader vision to achieve energy security while reducing carbon emissions. The announcement of this major initiative in the Union Budget is designed to foster India’s energy transition efforts and move the country closer to its long-term goal of net-zero emissions by 2070. Introducing SMRs is central to this strategy, as they promise safer, more cost-effective, and scalable nuclear power generation. The government plans to amend the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to accelerate the growth of India’s nuclear power sector. These amendments aim to encourage greater private sector participation, which will be essential for scaling up the nuclear energy infrastructure. 

By setting ambitious goals for nuclear power, the government is signalling its commitment to reducing the nation’s carbon footprint and investing in clean energy solutions. While challenges remain in terms of implementing these plans, the focus on SMRs and the increased private sector involvement are expected to pave the way for a more sustainable, resilient energy system.