What happened?

On March 12, 2025, India and Chile held their first Joint Working Group (JWG) meeting on Agriculture in a virtual format. The meeting was co-chaired by Ajeet Kumar Sahu, Joint Secretary (International Cooperation), Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, India, and Gabriel Layseca, Director, Bureau of Agricultural Studies and Policies (ODEPA), Chile. Discussions focused on strengthening bilateral cooperation in agriculture, market access, research collaboration, and capacity building. India highlighted key initiatives such as the Digital Agriculture Mission, the Lakhpati Didi Program, and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), while Chile expressed interest in deeper cooperation in horticulture and rural development.

Why it matters to India

As Chile is a major agricultural exporter in Latin America, closer ties with the country could facilitate technology exchange, investment in agri-business, and market access for Indian agricultural products. The collaboration supports India’s push for natural and organic farming, digital agriculture, and sustainable farming practices. Strengthening agricultural partnerships with Latin America aligns with India’s strategy to diversify its food security network and build resilient global supply chains.

What happened?

During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to Mauritius on March 11-12, 2025, he and Mauritian Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam reaffirmed their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, highlighting cooperation in defence, trade, infrastructure, and capacity building. Both leaders underscored the significance of India’s development assistance, including projects such as the Metro Express, the Supreme Court Building, and the supply of 100 electric buses. Agreements were finalized to enhance maritime security, with India continuing to support Mauritius in safeguarding its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Discussions also focused on digital cooperation, space technology, and climate resilience, further strengthening bilateral ties.

Why it matters to India

Mauritius remains a crucial partner in India’s Indian Ocean strategy, serving as a strategic gateway for regional connectivity, trade, and security. The agreements bolster India’s influence in maritime security, economic engagement, and regional governance, reinforcing its role as a development partner in the Global South. Enhancing cooperation in digital infrastructure and climate action also aligns with India’s broader economic and geopolitical vision.

What happened?

Union Minister Jitendra Singh informed the Lok Sabha on March 12, 2025, that India has launched 393 foreign satellites and 3 Indian commercial satellites between January 2015 and December 2024, generating $143 million and €272 million (approximately $415 million) in revenue. The launches were carried out using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), and Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV). India has provided launch services to 34 countries, including the United States (232 satellites), the United Kingdom (83), Singapore (19), and Canada (8). The government has also initiated reforms such as establishing the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) to facilitate private sector participation, a ₹1,000 crore Venture Capital Fund for space startups, and a revised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy to attract global investments in India’s space sector.

Why it matters to India

India’s commercial space sector is rapidly expanding, positioning the country as a cost-effective and reliable satellite launch provider. By liberalizing the space sector and supporting private investment, India aims to increase its share in the $400 billion global space economy. Expanding its space capabilities strengthens national security, economic growth, and technological innovation, reinforcing India’s status as a key player in the global space industry.

What happened?

On March 13, 2025, Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy launched India’s first auction for Exploration Licences (ELs) for critical minerals in Dona Paula, Goa. The auction includes 13 exploration blocks across Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, and Karnataka, covering minerals such as rare earth elements (REEs), zinc, copper, diamonds, and platinum group elements (PGEs). This initiative follows the 2023 amendment to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act (MMDR), allowing greater private sector participation in mineral exploration and production.

Why it matters to India

India currently imports most of its critical minerals, which are essential for electronics, renewable energy, and defence. By enabling private sector participation in exploration, India aims to reduce import dependency, boost self-reliance, and position itself as a global hub for mineral processing and manufacturing. This auction aligns with India’s broader efforts to secure supply chains, strengthen economic security, and accelerate green energy transitions.

What happened

The Commerce & Industry Ministry is refining its tariff reduction proposals for the next round of trade consultations with the US, following feedback from Washington that India’s initial offers were inadequate. Commerce & Industry Minister Piyush Goyal is expected to visit Washington DC again before April 2, 2025, when US President Donald Trump has threatened to impose reciprocal tariffs on countries with high import duties. India is in consultations with multiple ministries and industry bodies to balance US demands for steep concessions in sectors like textiles, electronics, and automobiles, while protecting its sensitive agricultural sector.

Why it matters to India

With India’s tariffs on US goods at 15.3% (2022) compared to 3.83% on Indian exports to the US, Washington is pressing for a macro, large-scale trade agreement rather than sector-specific negotiations. Given India’s $35 billion trade surplus with the US, avoiding punitive tariffs is critical to sustaining export growth. The upcoming negotiations will test India’s ability to balance economic liberalization with domestic sectoral protections, particularly in agriculture, while strengthening long-term India-US trade relations.

What happened

On March 12, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the ‘Mahasagar Vision’ (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) in Port Louis, Mauritius. This initiative focuses on trade, capacity building, and security cooperation across the Global South. The announcement came after Modi witnessed the signing of eight key agreements with Mauritius, covering maritime security, national currency trade, and public administration reforms. Modi recalled that India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision was first outlined in Mauritius a decade ago, reinforcing India’s longstanding commitment to regional stability.

Why it matters to India

With China increasing its influence in the Global South, India is positioning itself as a reliable and development-oriented partner. The Mahasagar Vision reinforces India’s commitment to regional security, economic growth, and sustainable development, further strengthening its diplomatic ties with Indian Ocean nations. By deepening strategic cooperation with Mauritius, India is securing its presence in a region critical to its maritime and economic interests.

What happened

On March 10, 2025, India and Sierra Leone held the 2nd Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) in New Delhi, co-chaired by Sevala Naik Mude, Additional Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs, and Alan C. E. Logan, Director General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Sierra Leone. Both sides reviewed trade, investment, pharmaceuticals, education, defence cooperation, and energy development. Sierra Leone expressed support for India’s candidature for the UN Security Council’s non-permanent seat for 2028-29 and agreed to expedite the process of joining the International Solar Alliance and Global Biofuels Alliance. The two sides also discussed India’s digital infrastructure initiative India Stack and explored its implementation in Sierra Leone.

Why it matters to India

Strengthening ties with Sierra Leone enhances India’s presence in Africa, a key region for trade, energy security, and strategic partnerships. With a threefold increase in bilateral trade over the last decade, India’s engagement in infrastructure, digital technology, and pharmaceuticals further cements its role as a reliable partner. Sierra Leone’s backing for India’s UN bid signals growing diplomatic support for India’s global aspirations.

What happened

During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Mauritius on March 11-12, 2025, India and Mauritius signed eight MoUs, covering key areas such as local currency trade, maritime security, financial crimes cooperation, and diplomatic training. Notable agreements include a Local Currency Settlement System between the Reserve Bank of India and the Bank of Mauritius, a Credit Facility Agreement for water infrastructure, and a Technical Agreement between the Indian Navy and the Mauritius Police Force for White Shipping Information sharing. PM Modi also inaugurated the Civil Service College and an Area Health Centre, both funded by India.

Why it matters to India

Mauritius remains a key partner in India’s Indian Ocean strategy, ensuring economic and security cooperation in a region of strategic importance. Agreements on financial transactions and maritime security enhance bilateral cooperation, reinforcing India’s role as a dependable development partner. The signing of these agreements underlines India’s proactive engagement in global governance, trade, and security initiatives.

What happened?

As part of Maritime India Vision 2030, the government has set a target to place India among the top 10 shipbuilding nations by 2030 and top 5 by 2047 under the Amrit Kaal Vision. On January 29, 2025, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways amended the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP) to encourage greater participation in shipbuilding. Other measures include the Green Tug Transition Programme (GTTP) and updated Right of First Refusal (RoFR) guidelines for vessel procurement to promote domestic shipyards.

Why it matters to India

A stronger shipbuilding industry enhances India’s maritime economy and reduces reliance on foreign-built vessels. The government’s push for indigenous shipbuilding under Make in India will create jobs, boost technological advancements, and improve India’s competitiveness in global ship manufacturing. Green initiatives align with India’s climate commitments, fostering sustainable maritime operations.

What happened?

During his visit to New Delhi on March 10, 2025, Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan reaffirmed Armenia’s interest in Indian-made defence equipment, including Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launchers. He held discussions with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to expand defence, trade, and education partnerships. Mirzoyan also expressed Armenia’s support for India’s position on Jammu and Kashmir and proposed enhanced student exchanges and direct flight connectivity between Yerevan and Delhi.

Why it matters to India?

Armenia’s growing defence ties with India reflect India’s emergence as a significant global arms supplier. Strengthening diplomatic and trade relations with Armenia enhances India’s geopolitical outreach in Eurasia. Expanding educational and business collaborations aligns with India’s broader diplomatic strategy, fostering deeper engagement in the region.

What happened?

On March 11, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi met Mauritius President Dharambeer Gokhool at the State House, reaffirming India-Mauritius relations. He attended Mauritius’ National Day celebrations as Chief Guest for the second time. In a symbolic gesture, PM Modi handed over OCI cards to the President and First Lady. He also visited the Ayurveda Garden, a collaborative initiative between India and Mauritius.

Why it matters to India

Mauritius remains a key partner in India’s outreach in the Indian Ocean region. Strengthening cultural and economic ties with Mauritius enhances India’s strategic influence in the region. Collaboration in Ayurveda and traditional medicine aligns with India’s push for global recognition of its medical heritage.

What happened?

The 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR-XII commenced on March 10, 2025, in Kyrgyzstan. Indian Army’s Parachute Regiment (Special Forces) and Kyrgyzstan’s Scorpion Brigade are participating. The exercise focuses on counterterrorism operations in urban and high-altitude terrains, advanced special forces skills, and cultural exchanges.

Why it matters to India

This exercise strengthens India’s defence ties with Kyrgyzstan, improving operational interoperability and strategic coordination. It enhances India’s counterterrorism capabilities and reinforces regional security cooperation in Central Asia, a region critical for India’s geopolitical interests.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s visit to the UK from March 4-9, 2025, strengthened the India-UK Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, focusing on trade, security, technology, and mobility. Discussions with Prime Minister Keir Starmer and Foreign Secretary David Lammy advanced negotiations on the India-UK Free Trade Agreement, with both sides reaffirming their commitment to reducing trade barriers and expanding market access. Security cooperation was also a key focus, particularly in addressing extremism and ensuring the safety of Indian diplomatic missions. The visit saw the inauguration of two new Indian consulates in Belfast and Manchester, which will enhance diplomatic outreach and engagement with the Indian diaspora. Talks also covered regional and global issues, including the Ukraine conflict, Indo-Pacific security, and deepening educational collaborations, highlighted by Queen’s University Belfast’s upcoming campus in Gujarat.

Why it matters to India

The visit was crucial in maintaining momentum in India-UK trade and economic cooperation, particularly in expediting the FTA, which is expected to boost market access for Indian businesses. Strengthening diplomatic ties through the new consulates will facilitate trade, investment, and people-to-people exchanges, further deepening bilateral engagement. Security discussions reinforced India’s concerns regarding threats to its missions in the UK, ensuring greater protection for Indian diplomats and addressing issues of extremism. The visit also positioned India as a key partner in the UK’s strategic vision, opening avenues for collaboration in technology, innovation, and higher education. By reinforcing India’s diplomatic, economic, and security interests, the visit underscored the growing significance of the India-UK partnership in an evolving global landscape.

What happened?

India and Cambodia held their 3rd Foreign Office Consultations in Siem Reap on March 10, 2025, led by senior foreign ministry officials. Discussions covered political ties, trade, defence, digital technology, and heritage conservation. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to expanding cooperation in regional and multilateral forums.

Why it matters to India

Cambodia is a key partner in India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy. Strengthening ties supports India’s strategic presence in Southeast Asia, enhances economic engagement, and reinforces India’s leadership in heritage conservation and regional diplomacy.

What happened?

New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon will visit India from March 16-20, 2025, marking his first official visit in office. He will meet Prime Minister Narendra Modi, attend the Raisina Dialogue as the Chief Guest, and engage with Indian business leaders in Mumbai. Talks are expected to focus on trade, defence, education, and an India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement.

Why it matters to India

The visit underscores India’s growing engagement with the Indo-Pacific and its commitment to expanding trade and strategic cooperation with New Zealand. Strengthening economic and educational ties could open new opportunities, particularly in agriculture, space technology, and the services sector.

What happened?

The Ministry of Defence has signed a $248 million contract with Rosoboronexport (RoE), Russian Federation, for the procurement of 1000 HP engines for T-72 tanks. The engines will be supplied in fully formed, completely knocked down, and semi-knocked down conditions. The deal also includes a Transfer of Technology (ToT) agreement with Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (Heavy Vehicle Factory), Avadi, Chennai, to facilitate integration and licensed production of the engines in India, aligning with the ‘Make in India’ initiative in the defence sector.

Why it matters to India

The T-72 is a key component of the Indian Army’s armored fleet, currently operating with 780 HP engines. Upgrading to 1000 HP engines will significantly enhance battlefield mobility and offensive capabilities. The inclusion of technology transfer strengthens India’s domestic defence manufacturing ecosystem, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers and reinforcing self-reliance in critical military hardware production. This procurement further bolsters India’s strategic capabilities in mechanized warfare.

What happened?

India and Singapore held the 18th round of Foreign Office Consultations on March 7, 2025, in Singapore. The Indian delegation was led by Jaideep Muzumdar, Secretary (East), Ministry of External Affairs, while the Singaporean side was headed by Luke Goh, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Discussions covered the six pillars of cooperation—Digitalization, Skills Development, Sustainability, Healthcare & Medicine, Advanced Manufacturing, and Connectivity—identified during the India-Singapore Ministerial Roundtable. Other key areas of discussion included defence, trade, investments, culture, and people-to-people exchanges. Both sides reviewed progress on implementing the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, announced during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Singapore in September 2024.

Why it matters to India

India and Singapore share a strong strategic partnership, and this consultation served as an important platform to strengthen bilateral cooperation across multiple sectors. As both countries celebrate 60 years of diplomatic relations in 2025, this meeting was timely in setting the roadmap for future engagements and high-level exchanges. The commitment to deepening economic and strategic ties enhances India’s presence in Southeast Asia, reinforcing its Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy. Both sides agreed to hold the next round of consultations in India at a mutually convenient time, further solidifying diplomatic engagement.

What happened?

Daniel Rogers, Director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), is set to visit India in mid-March for an annual intelligence gathering organized by India’s National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS). Rogers, who was appointed in February 2025, previously served as Deputy National Security and Intelligence Advisor to the Canadian Prime Minister. His visit comes at a time when India-Canada relations remain strained following allegations by former Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2023 regarding Indian involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar—claims that India rejected. The arrest of four Indian nationals by Canadian authorities in 2024, followed by diplomatic expulsions, further escalated tensions. However, Trudeau’s resignation in January 2025 and the upcoming leadership change in Canada’s Liberal Party may present an opportunity to reset bilateral ties.

Why it matters to India

The intelligence gathering event, now in its fourth year, reflects India’s role as a strategic player in global security discussions. With participation from Western allies, West Asian nations including Saudi Arabia, and Russia, the summit focuses on counterterrorism and geopolitical conflicts. Canada’s participation in this forum signals a potential thaw in relations and underscores the necessity of intelligence cooperation despite political tensions. Additionally, discussions at the gathering will help shape India’s strategic responses to evolving security challenges on the global stage.

What happened?

Officials from the Government of India and the Office of International Boundaries, Royal Government of Bhutan, met in New Delhi on March 6-7, 2025, to review progress on boundary-related field work. The Indian delegation was led by Surveyor General of India, Hitesh Kumar S. Makwana, while the Bhutanese side was headed by Dasho Letho T Tangbi, Secretary, International Boundaries. The discussions covered completed survey work, upcoming fieldwork plans, and potential collaboration in technological and capacity-building efforts.

Why it matters to India

India and Bhutan share a close strategic relationship, and effective boundary management strengthens bilateral trust and regional stability. Advancing survey and capacity-building collaboration aligns with both nations’ priorities and reinforces India’s commitment to supporting Bhutan’s territorial integrity. The meeting reflects the deep-rooted friendship between the two countries and highlights India’s ongoing engagement in regional security and infrastructure development.

What happened?

Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri visited Moscow on March 7, 2025, for bilateral Foreign Office Consultations with Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Andrey Rudenko. The discussions covered the full spectrum of bilateral ties, along with regional and global issues of mutual interest. Both sides reviewed progress on key decisions taken at the 22nd Annual Summit in Moscow (July 2024), the India-Russia meeting on the sidelines of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, the 25th session of the Intergovernmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Cooperation in New Delhi (November 2024), and other high-level engagements.

Why it matters to India

India and Russia maintain a longstanding strategic partnership, encompassing defence, energy, trade, and multilateral cooperation. These consultations reinforce the commitment to deepening economic and technological collaborations while addressing regional and global challenges. Strengthening India-Russia ties remains crucial amid evolving geopolitical dynamics, particularly in the Indo-Pacific and Eurasian regions. The continuation of high-level dialogues ensures progress on key initiatives and sustains momentum in bilateral cooperation.

What happened?

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi has called for closer India-China cooperation, advocating a “Dragon and Elephant Dance” approach to bilateral relations. His remarks came following a meeting with Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Johannesburg in February 2025.

The two sides discussed ongoing diplomatic negotiations over the Line of Actual Control (LAC), particularly disengagement efforts in Eastern Ladakh, where tensions have persisted since 2020. A previous meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Xi Jinping in Russia in October 2024 marked the beginning of new disengagement efforts.

Why it matters to India:

While China’s call for deeper cooperation suggests a diplomatic thaw, India remains cautious, given Beijing’s past reluctance to restore the LAC status quo. New Delhi prioritizes sovereignty and border security while keeping diplomatic channels open. Strengthened ties could provide economic and geopolitical leverage, but trust remains a challenge.

What happened?

During an interaction with the Indian community in Dublin, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar emphasised that India’s diplomacy is not about neutrality but about strategic decision-making. He stated that neutrality is often a sign of weakness and that India’s approach is now rooted in confidence and self-interest.

Jaishankar also discussed India’s post-colonial resurgence, noting the country’s rapid growth and increasing global influence. He highlighted Ireland’s economic achievements and the potential for deeper India-Ireland collaboration in research, trade, and education.

Why it matters to India:

Jaishankar’s remarks reflect India’s assertive foreign policy stance, moving from historical non-alignment towards a more interest-driven approach. Strengthening ties with smaller but influential nations like Ireland helps India expand its diplomatic and economic footprint in Europe while ensuring a diversified trade and technology partnership.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar visited Dublin on February 20, 2025, marking the first high-level Indian visit to Ireland since 2015. During his visit, he met with Irish President Michael Higgins and other officials to discuss strengthening bilateral relations, particularly in trade, technology, and education.

A key focus of discussions was the India-European Union Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which has been under negotiation for 23 years. Jaishankar expressed optimism that the agreement could be concluded by the end of 2025, following a recent high-level visit by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and 21 commissioners to India.

Why it matters to India:

Ireland, as an EU member, plays a crucial role in India’s broader engagement with Europe. Strengthening ties with Ireland could facilitate smoother negotiations for the FTA, which aims to boost trade, technology partnerships, and investment. The EU is India’s second-largest trading partner, accounting for 12.2% of total trade. A successful deal would further India’s push to diversify trade relationships amid evolving global economic dynamics.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar stated that the US administration under President Donald Trump is moving toward a multipolar world, a development that aligns with India’s strategic interests. Speaking at Chatham House in London, he highlighted Trump’s emphasis on fair burden-sharing within the Quad and confirmed ongoing bilateral trade pact discussions. He also expressed cautious optimism about the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations and discussed India’s diplomatic role in the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its evolving ties with China.

Why it matters to India:

A multipolar global order benefits India by allowing it greater strategic autonomy in global affairs. Strengthening ties with the US on trade and security, particularly through the Quad, enhances India’s regional influence. India’s engagement in the Russia-Ukraine conflict and its efforts to stabilize relations with China further reflect its growing role in global diplomacy.

What happened?

On  March 5th, 2025, External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar participated in a discussion with Bronwen Maddox, Director and Chief Executive of Chatham House, at an event co-hosted by Chatham House and the High Commission of India in London. The discussion covered India’s foreign policy approach, regional security dynamics, and global economic challenges.

Jaishankar provided updates on the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA), highlighting its potential to enhance economic cooperation. He also addressed India’s regional engagements, particularly the challenges of maintaining balanced relations with China. On global economic stability, he clarified that while India does not pursue a policy to replace the US dollar, economic diversification discussions are gaining momentum, especially within BRICS.

The minister reaffirmed India’s commitment to multipolar global governance, emphasizing collaboration with the United States while advocating a broader power distribution. Responding to concerns about human rights, he described criticisms as politically motivated and stressed that India’s democratic institutions remain strong and committed to upholding fundamental rights.

Why it matters to India:

Jaishankar’s address at Chatham House reflects India’s growing strategic role in global affairs and its focus on maintaining stability in an evolving geopolitical landscape. Strengthening India-UK economic ties through the FTA aligns with India’s trade and investment priorities, while discussions on BRICS economic resilience highlight India’s approach to financial diversification. India’s emphasis on a multipolar world order and strong democratic foundations reinforces its position as a key global player. The visit also strengthens India’s diplomatic engagement with the UK, aligning with broader efforts to deepen political, economic, and security cooperation.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar held wide-ranging discussions with UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy during his on going official visit to the United Kingdom. The meeting, held at Chevening House, covered strategic coordination, political cooperation, trade deal negotiations, education, technology, mobility, and people-to-people exchanges. The discussions also addressed key geopolitical flashpoints, including the Ukraine conflict, developments in Bangladesh, West Asia, and the Commonwealth. The two sides agreed to formulate the next steps to further structure and strengthen bilateral ties.

Why it matters to India:

Jaishankar’s visit underscores India’s commitment to enhancing strategic cooperation with the UK at a critical geopolitical juncture. Strengthening diplomatic, economic, and security ties with London aligns with India’s broader foreign policy goals in the Indo-Pacific and beyond. With ongoing trade deal negotiations and growing bilateral investments, India’s engagement with the UK remains crucial for economic growth and technological collaboration. The UK’s evolving approach to global crises, particularly in Ukraine and Bangladesh, has direct implications for India’s strategic calculations. Additionally, Labour party’s renewed outreach to India signals potential shifts in the India-UK relationship ahead of political changes in Westminster.

What happened?

On 5 March 2025, India’s Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan visited Australia, marking the first-ever visit by an Indian CDS. He was hosted in Canberra by Australia’s Chief of the Defence Force, Admiral David Johnston. The visit included discussions with senior Australian defence leaders, focusing on strengthening bilateral defence cooperation. Key topics included interoperability, maritime domain awareness, reciprocal information sharing, and joint deployments. The visit followed that of US INDOPACOM Chief Admiral Samuel J. Paparo to India and coincided with a Chinese Navy task group maneuvering around Australia.

Why it matters to India:

General Chauhan’s visit reinforces India’s strategic partnership with Australia, a crucial partner in maintaining security in the Indo-Pacific. As India and Australia engage through bilateral, trilateral, and quadrilateral frameworks, this visit enhances joint military exercises and defence collaboration. The focus on maritime security and intelligence sharing aligns with India’s broader Indo-Pacific strategy, ensuring regional stability amid increasing Chinese naval activities. Strengthening defence ties with Australia also complements India’s growing security cooperation with the United States and other QUAD partners.

What happened?

India’s Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal is in the US to advance discussions on the Bilateral Trade Agreement and address concerns over potential tariffs. Talks with US officials will focus on market access and trade facilitation, with India seeking to counterbalance proposed reciprocal tariffs by the US.

Why it matters to India:

With the US looking to diversify away from Chinese imports, India has a key opportunity to expand its exports. However, potential US tariffs on Indian goods could affect key sectors, including automobiles and agriculture. Goyal’s visit is crucial for mitigating trade risks and ensuring favourable terms for India’s exports.

What happened?

Three major logistics and rail companies in Asia have collaborated to launch the first-ever India-Kazakhstan container train, marking a significant milestone in international freight transport. The train, consisting of 12 twenty-foot containers, is traveling from the Indian port of Mundra to Sorokovaya station in Kazakhstan via the India-Iran-Turkmenistan-Uzbekistan-Kazakhstan route. The journey includes 1,585 km by sea and 4,300 km by rail.

Why it matters to India:

This new service is designed to facilitate more efficient trade and logistics between the countries, cutting down delivery times and expanding transport networks across the region. The Mundra port has long served as a major hub for Indian exports, and this new container train service adds an exciting new option for transporting goods from India to Central Asia. This new trade route boosts India’s connectivity with Central Asia, reducing reliance on traditional sea routes and enhancing supply chain efficiency. By improving trade logistics, India strengthens economic ties with Kazakhstan and other transit countries, countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the region.

What happened?

India and Nepal held the 9th Project Steering Committee and 7th Joint Working Group meetings in New Delhi from 27–28 February 2025 to review bilateral railway cooperation. Discussions focused on the progress of the Jaynagar-Bijalpura-Bardibas and Jogbani-Biratnagar railway lines, technical collaboration, and capacity-building efforts. The Nepali delegation also visited the Indian Railways Institute of Transport Management in Lucknow and Ayodhya.

Why it matters to India:

Enhancing railway connectivity with Nepal aligns with India’s broader regional integration strategy, fostering stronger economic and trade ties. These railway links facilitate cross-border trade, ease passenger movement, and enhance India’s role as a development partner. Improved connectivity also counters Chinese infrastructure investments in Nepal.

What happened?

India and Vietnam held the 4th Policy Planning Dialogue in New Delhi on 4 March 2025. Discussions, led by Joint Secretary (Policy Planning & Research) Raghuram S from India and Director General Le Dinh Tinh from Vietnam, covered regional and global issues, including developments in the Indo-Pacific and multilateral institutions. The Vietnamese delegation also met Secretary (East) Jaideep Mazumdar.

Why it matters to India:

India and Vietnam share strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific, particularly concerning maritime security and regional stability. Strengthening diplomatic dialogue with Vietnam supports India’s Act East Policy, enhances defence cooperation, and reinforces India’s engagement with ASEAN nations. The dialogue also aids in countering China’s influence in the region.

What happened?

The UK has announced the opening of two new Indian consulates in Belfast and Manchester, highlighting the growing bilateral ties between the two nations. UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy, during his meeting with External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar, emphasised the importance of deepening trade and security cooperation. The UK and India are working to enhance their £41 billion trading relationship, with renewed trade discussions in Delhi.

Why it matters to India:

The expansion of India’s diplomatic presence in the UK will strengthen trade and economic cooperation, support the Indian diaspora, and enhance regional engagement beyond London. As the UK government prioritises economic growth and security under its “Plan for Change,” closer collaboration with India presents new opportunities in trade and investment.

What happened

India’s gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) has more than doubled from ₹60,196 crore in 2013-14 to ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2023-24, according to Union Minister Jitendra Singh. Speaking at the DISHA event in New Delhi on 3 March 2025, he highlighted key areas of growth, including artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and quantum computing. He also emphasised the role of private sector participation in strategic fields such as space and nuclear research.

Why it matters to India?

Increased R&D investment is crucial for India’s ambition to become a global leader in deep-tech innovation. Strengthening the research ecosystem through government funding, industry partnerships, and private sector involvement enhances India’s technological competitiveness. The DISHA initiative further supports high-impact research, positioning India as an innovation hub for the future.

What happened

On 3 March 2025, Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh presented the report of the Empowered Committee for Capability Enhancement of the Indian Air Force (IAF) to Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. The report outlines short, medium, and long-term strategies to strengthen the IAF’s operational capacity. It also highlights the role of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs), and private industry in advancing self-reliance (Aatmanirbharta) in aerospace. The Defence Minister has directed the timely implementation of key recommendations.

Why it matters to India?

Enhancing IAF capabilities is essential for India’s national security, particularly amid evolving regional threats. Strengthening indigenous defence production aligns with Aatmanirbhar Bharat, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers. The report’s recommendations could drive new technological advancements, boosting India’s aerospace and defence industry.

What happened

India and Nepal signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 3 March 2025 in New Delhi to strengthen collaboration in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector. The agreement was signed in the presence of India’s Minister of Jal Shakti C.R. Patil and Nepal’s Minister of Water Supply Pradeep Yadav. The MoU includes initiatives in groundwater management, technology transfer, and training for Nepali personnel in water resource management.

Why it matters to India?

Water security is a key component of India-Nepal relations, and this MoU strengthens cooperation on critical sustainability challenges. By sharing expertise and best practices, India can support Nepal’s efforts to improve sanitation and clean water access while reinforcing diplomatic ties. The initiative also aligns with India’s broader regional approach to development partnerships in South Asia.

What happened

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar is on an official visit to the United Kingdom and Ireland from 4-9 March 2025. In the UK, he will hold discussions with Foreign Secretary David Lammy and meet key officials and Indian community representatives. India and the UK share a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, covering defence, trade, health, and education. In Ireland, Jaishankar will meet his counterpart Simon Harris on 6-7 March, focusing on bilateral cooperation.

Why it matters to India?

Strengthening ties with the UK could accelerate trade negotiations, enhance security collaboration, and boost educational exchanges. Deepening engagement with Ireland provides an opportunity to expand economic cooperation and reinforce India’s diplomatic presence in Europe. The visit underscores India’s commitment to fostering robust strategic partnerships.

What happened

Belgium’s Defence Minister Theo Francken announced that a military attaché will be posted at the Belgian Embassy in New Delhi for the first time. The decision follows his meeting with Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on 3 March 2025, where both sides discussed enhancing defence cooperation. Francken highlighted the growing importance of India-Belgium security ties, particularly in light of geopolitical tensions in the Indo-Pacific. He also emphasised Belgium’s need for stronger defence capabilities and Europe’s increasing reliance on India for weapons and ammunition.

Why it matters to India?

Belgium’s decision to appoint a military attaché signals deeper security engagement with India, particularly in defence industry collaboration. This move aligns with India’s growing strategic partnerships in Europe and could pave the way for increased military-industrial cooperation. Additionally, Belgium’s focus on Indo-Pacific security and maritime cooperation enhances India’s positioning as a key player in regional stability.

What happened

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India, in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), is organising a six-day Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Executive Capacity Building Programme on human rights from 3-8 March 2025 in New Delhi. The programme aims to enhance awareness and capacity-building among senior National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) functionaries from 14 Global South countries, including Madagascar, Uganda, Nigeria, and Egypt. It will be inaugurated by NHRC Chairperson Justice V. Ramasubramanian on 3 March 2025.

Why it matters to India

Strengthening South-South cooperation in human rights governance reinforces India’s global leadership in capacity building and institutional collaboration. By sharing its experiences and best practices, India enhances its diplomatic engagement with emerging economies. The initiative also fosters deeper international partnerships, promoting India’s role as a key advocate for human rights protection in the Global South.

What happened

The 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific was inaugurated in Jaipur on 3 March 2025, bringing together global leaders to discuss sustainable urban development. Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs Manohar Lal announced the launch of the Cities Coalition for Circularity (C-3), a digital platform for knowledge-sharing between cities and technical institutions. Agreements worth ₹1,800 crore will be signed under CITIIS 2.0, benefiting 18 cities across 14 states for waste management and circular economy initiatives.

Why it matters to India

As India strengthens its leadership in global sustainability efforts, initiatives like the P-3 (Pro Planet People) approach and Mission LiFE align with its commitment to a low-carbon economy. The forum provides a platform for India to showcase its circular economy initiatives while fostering international cooperation in waste management, recycling, and resource efficiency. The agreements under CITIIS 2.0 will drive urban sustainability and innovation, setting a benchmark for other cities.

What happened

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Belgium’s Foreign Minister Maxime Prevot at Hyderabad House on 3 March 2025, ahead of Princess Astrid’s visit to India. The two ministers discussed expanding cooperation in semiconductors, AI, clean energy, and innovation. Jaishankar highlighted Belgium’s historical ties with India and the steady growth of trade and industrial relations. He also welcomed the arrival of Princess Astrid, who is leading a Belgian economic mission with representatives from 180 companies.

Why it matters to India

Belgium is a key trade and investment partner for India, and the visit marks a significant opportunity to strengthen economic ties. With a focus on technology and innovation, the discussions could lead to enhanced collaboration in India’s Make in India and Design in India initiatives. The participation of Belgian businesses also signals growing European interest in India’s expanding market.

What happened

Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Anil Chauhan will visit Australia from 4-7 March 2025 to strengthen defence ties between the two nations. He will hold discussions with senior Australian defence officials, including Chief of Defence Force General Admiral David Johnston and Secretary of Defence Greg Moriarty. General Chauhan will also visit the Force Command Headquarters, the Australian Defence College, and the Lowy Institute, where he will address strategic challenges in the Indo-Pacific.

Why it matters to India

The visit highlights the growing India-Australia defence partnership, particularly under the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Strengthening military cooperation aligns with India’s Indo-Pacific strategy, enhancing maritime security and operational coordination. The discussions on joint operations, military training, and technology collaboration further reinforce India’s efforts to diversify its security partnerships in the region.

What happened?

A high-level delegation from Bangladesh’s Ministry of Irrigation, led by Joint River Commission member Mohammad Abdul Hossain, will arrive in Kolkata on 3 March 2025 for a five-day visit. The delegation will examine the Farakka Barrage on 5 March and hold high-level meetings with Indian officials on 6-7 March to discuss the renewal of the Ganga Water Treaty. The treaty, signed in 1996, is set to expire next year, and Bangladesh is expected to push for increased water allocation. India’s Ministry of Jal Shakti has requested additional security arrangements for the delegation during its visit.

Why it matters to India:

Water-sharing has long been a contentious issue in India-Bangladesh relations, with past disputes over the Teesta River agreement still unresolved. Bangladesh’s request for additional Ganges water could face opposition from the West Bengal government, which has previously resisted similar agreements due to resource constraints. Any friction over the treaty could impact broader India-Bangladesh ties, which also include trade and security cooperation. The outcome of these negotiations will be crucial in determining the future of water diplomacy between the two neighbours.

What happened?

Union Minister of Commerce & Industry Piyush Goyal, addressing the 44th Convocation Ceremony of the National Institute of Design (NID) on 27 February 2025, underscored the role of design as a driver of innovation and economic growth. Highlighting Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Make in India and Design in India vision, he called on graduates to position India as a global design hub. Goyal stressed the importance of design in diverse fields, from space exploration to gaming, and cited India’s Chandrayaan mission as an example of design excellence. The event saw the participation of President Droupadi Murmu, Gujarat Chief Minister Bhupendrabhai Patel, and other dignitaries.

Why it matters to India:

India’s design sector is poised to play a crucial role in its industrial transformation, particularly in emerging areas such as semiconductors, audio-visual technology, and sustainable product development. Strengthening India’s design ecosystem will enhance global competitiveness and boost manufacturing capabilities, aligning with the country’s push for self-reliance. With 430 new graduates entering the field, the NID convocation also signals a growing talent pool ready to drive innovation and contribute to India’s creative economy.

What happened?

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s visit to India from 27-28 February 2025 marked a pivotal moment in India-EU relations, advancing discussions on trade, technology, and strategic cooperation. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to concluding the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) within the year, reflecting a political urgency to overcome trade barriers. The India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) also made progress in critical areas such as semiconductors, AI, and 6G, highlighting a shared goal of technological sovereignty. The EU reinforced its support for India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), aligning with India’s vision for regional security. Additionally, green energy and digital collaboration emerged as priority areas, with plans for joint initiatives and funding.

Why it matters to India:

The visit signals a shift from dialogue to concrete action in India-EU ties, strengthening India’s role as a key economic and strategic partner in Europe’s global vision. Advancements in the FTA could boost bilateral trade beyond the current $137.5 billion, opening new markets for Indian businesses. Enhanced cooperation in critical technologies and green energy aligns with India’s long-term economic strategy while reducing external dependencies. The EU’s deeper engagement in Indo-Pacific security also reinforces India’s geopolitical standing. However, challenges remain in negotiating contentious trade issues, making the next steps crucial for the success of this partnership.

What happened?

On 28 February 2025, India’s Raksha Rajya Mantri Sanjay Seth met European Commission’s Defence & Space Commissioner Andrius Kubilius in New Delhi to discuss strengthening India-EU defence cooperation. Talks focused on maritime security, information sharing in the Indo-Pacific, and European defence firms’ participation in Indian joint production initiatives. They also explored India’s involvement in EU defence programs like Permanent Structured Cooperation.

Why it matters to India?

As India seeks to modernise its defence sector and reduce reliance on traditional suppliers, deeper engagement with the EU could provide access to advanced technologies and industrial collaborations. Strengthening maritime security ties with the EU aligns with India’s Indo-Pacific strategy, enhancing its presence in key trade routes. Increased cooperation in defence manufacturing could also support India’s ‘Make in India’ initiative by attracting European investments in joint production ventures.

What happened?

The second India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting took place in New Delhi on 28 February 2025, with key ministers from both sides discussing digital partnerships, clean energy initiatives, and trade resilience. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, along with Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal and IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, met EU representatives, including Executive Vice-President Henna Virkkunen and Trade Commissioner Maros Sefcovic. Discussions covered semiconductors, AI, 6G, electric vehicles, and green hydrogen.

Why it matters to India?

The TTC provides a structured framework for India and the EU to enhance cooperation in emerging technologies and strategic industries. Strengthening trade and technology ties with the EU can help India reduce supply chain dependencies, expand investment opportunities, and accelerate its digital and clean energy transition. The TTC also reinforces India’s positioning as a critical partner in the evolving global trade and technology landscape.

What happened?

On 28 February 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen agreed to push for the conclusion of the India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA) within the year. Speaking in New Delhi ahead of talks with Modi, von der Leyen called for an “ambitious” deal covering key sectors such as semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, clean hydrogen, and defence. Talks, which resumed in 2021 after an eight-year pause, remain stalled over tariff issues and market access demands.

Why it matters to India?

The EU is India’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $137.5 billion in 2023-24. A successful FTA could unlock new export opportunities for Indian businesses while ensuring greater access to European markets. However, key challenges, including high EU tariffs on Indian goods and India’s reluctance to reduce duties on automobiles and alcohol, need resolution. A deal would strengthen India’s trade resilience amid shifting global supply chains and protectionist trends.

What happened?

On 28 February 2025, India and the European Union (EU) held a bilateral cluster meeting in New Delhi, focusing on key issues such as connectivity, the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), green energy, mobility and talent, security, the Mediterranean region, and EU expansion.

Why it matters to India?

Strengthening connectivity with the EU through IMEC and other economic corridors aligns with India’s efforts to enhance trade and infrastructure linkages across Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Deeper engagement in green energy and mobility cooperation supports India’s transition to a sustainable economy while boosting talent exchange and investment opportunities. The meeting also reaffirmed India’s strategic role in regional security discussions, particularly in the Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific, reinforcing its position as a key global partner for Europe.

What happened?

Speaking at an event hosted by India’s World on 28 February 2025, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen highlighted the growing strategic alignment between India and the EU. She underscored shared interests in economic resilience, technology cooperation, and security, while announcing plans for an India-EU Security and Defence Partnership covering cross-border terrorism, cyber security, and maritime security.

Why it matters to India?

The EU’s renewed focus on India as a strategic partner signals deeper trade, technology, and security collaboration. A formal security partnership could enhance India’s defence capabilities through technology-sharing and joint industrial projects. With growing geopolitical tensions, India stands to benefit from diversifying its security ties beyond traditional partners. Strengthening India-EU connectivity initiatives, such as the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor, can also bolster India’s trade routes and economic influence.

What happened?

On 25 February 2025, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy successfully conducted flight trials of the Naval Anti-Ship Missile (NASM-SR) at the Integrated Test Range in Chandipur. Launched from an Indian Naval Sea King helicopter, the missile demonstrated its “Man-in-Loop” capability, allowing in-flight retargeting. It uses an indigenous Imaging Infra-Red Seeker for terminal guidance and successfully hit a small ship target in sea-skimming mode.

Why it matters to India:

The successful trial of NASM-SR enhances India’s naval warfare capabilities and strengthens defence self-reliance under the ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative. The missile’s ability to retarget mid-flight improves operational flexibility in combat. Developed with contributions from MSMEs and startups, this achievement highlights India’s growing domestic defence ecosystem, reducing reliance on foreign technology.

What happened?

On 25 February 2025, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar addressed the 58th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in Geneva, reaffirming India’s commitment to human rights. He highlighted India’s constitutional values of justice, liberty, and equality, and its efforts in poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, and digital inclusion. Jaishankar also underscored India’s engagement with UN human rights mechanisms.

Why it matters to India:

India’s stance at the UNHRC is crucial for reinforcing its image as a responsible democracy, particularly amid scrutiny from Western nations and international organisations. By showcasing governance reforms and social development initiatives, India strengthens its diplomatic influence and counters narratives that challenge its human rights record.

What happened?

On 27 February 2025, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, speaking at Business Standard’s ‘Manthan’ summit, highlighted the global shift towards bilateralism in trade and investment. She stated that multilateral institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) are becoming less effective, requiring India to pursue stronger bilateral agreements. India has initiated trade negotiations with key partners, including the UK, US, and European Union.

Why it matters to India:

As multilateral trade frameworks weaken, securing favourable bilateral agreements will be essential for India’s global economic standing. Strengthened trade ties with major economies can improve market access, attract investment, and enhance India’s competitiveness. Proactively shaping new trade partnerships ensures India remains resilient amid changing global trade dynamics.

What happened?

On 27 February 2025, Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal, speaking at the IMC Bharat Calling Conference in Mumbai, stressed the need for India to engage actively in international trade to achieve developed nation status. He highlighted the importance of supporting micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and warned against predatory pricing practices that harm domestic manufacturers. He also advocated for the adoption of precast construction methods for efficiency and sustainability.

Why it matters to India:

As India aims to become a $5 trillion economy, strengthening MSMEs and enhancing product quality is crucial for global competitiveness. By discouraging substandard imports and supporting domestic industries, India can improve its trade balance and manufacturing ecosystem. The adoption of advanced construction and energy-efficient technologies aligns with the country’s infrastructure and sustainability goals.

What happened?

On 26 February 2025, Australia launched a strategic roadmap to deepen trade and investment ties with India, identifying clean energy, education, agribusiness, and tourism as key growth sectors. The plan includes a $16 million Australia-India Trade and Investment Accelerator Fund and an additional $4 million for the Maitri Grants programme to enhance bilateral engagement. Australia also aims to finalise a new free trade agreement with India, building on the existing Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA).

Why it matters to India:

Australia’s push for closer economic ties aligns with India’s objective of diversifying trade partnerships and reducing dependence on China. The roadmap presents new investment and market opportunities, particularly in critical sectors like renewable energy and technology. Strengthened economic engagement enhances India’s position in the Indo-Pacific, reinforcing strategic partnerships that support regional stability and growth.

What happened?

On 25 February 2025, the Indian Army signed a contract worth ₹80.43 crore with Larsen & Toubro (L&T) to procure 223 Automatic Chemical Agent Detection and Alarm (ACADA) systems under the Buy Indian (IDDM) category. Developed by DRDO’s Defence Research and Development Establishment, the ACADA system enhances the Army’s ability to detect chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals using Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS). Over 80% of the system’s components are sourced locally, strengthening domestic defence manufacturing.

Why it matters to India:

This procurement aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, boosting India’s self-reliance in critical defence technologies. The ACADA system significantly enhances the Indian Army’s defensive capabilities against chemical threats in both operational and peacetime scenarios, including disaster response to industrial accidents. Its indigenous production fosters domestic research and development, reducing reliance on foreign suppliers in the niche domain of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) defence.

What happened?

At the Global Investors Summit 2025, Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced that India’s first domestically manufactured semiconductor chip will be ready for production by 2025. He highlighted the rapid growth of electronics manufacturing in Madhya Pradesh, where two electronic clusters have been established in Bhopal and Jabalpur. The government is also training 85,000 engineers in semiconductor and electronics manufacturing, alongside an investment of ₹150 crore in a new IT campus in Bhopal.

Why it matters to India:

The development of an indigenous semiconductor chip is a crucial step towards reducing India’s dependence on imports in a strategically vital sector. As the global semiconductor industry faces supply chain disruptions, India’s ability to produce chips domestically strengthens its technological sovereignty and economic security. The initiative supports India’s ambition to become a global electronics hub, fostering investment, employment, and innovation in high-tech manufacturing.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar addressed the ‘Advantage Assam 2.0’ summit on 25 February 2025, emphasising the role of Assam and the Northeast (NE) in India’s Act East Policy. He highlighted key infrastructure projects, including roads, railways, and waterways, that strengthen connectivity with neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar. He also underscored ASEAN’s role as a strategic partner and the importance of the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway.

Why it matters to India:

Northeast India plays a pivotal role in India’s diplomatic and economic engagement with Southeast Asia. Improved connectivity and trade linkages with ASEAN nations enhance India’s regional influence, strengthen economic integration, and create new investment opportunities. The summit reaffirmed the Modi government’s commitment to developing the Northeast as a gateway to the Indo-Pacific, boosting trade, tourism, and geopolitical partnerships.

What happened?

India abstained from multiple UN General Assembly resolutions on Ukraine on Feb 24, 2025. where the United States took an unexpected stance by siding with Russia on certain amendments. Marking the third anniversary of Russia’s invasion, a resolution condemning Moscow passed with reduced support compared to previous years. The US initially backed a neutral resolution but later abstained after France-led amendments named Russia as the aggressor. The shift in US policy aligns with ongoing direct talks between Washington and Moscow to negotiate an end to the war.

Why it matters to India?

India’s neutral stance reflects its strategic balancing between the West and Russia, a key defence and energy partner. As the conflict continues to reshape global alliances, India must navigate its diplomatic position carefully. Avoiding entanglement in geopolitical conflicts allows India to focus on economic growth and regional security while maintaining strong bilateral relations with multiple global powers.

What happened?

The Government of India, in collaboration with the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), is hosting the first-ever Capacity Building Programme on UNSC Resolution 1540 and Strategic Trade Controls for Asia-Pacific countries. The event is taking place at the National Academy of Customs, Indirect Taxes and Narcotics (NACIN), Palasamudram, from February 25-27, 2025. A total of 24 government experts, experts from the UNSC 1540 Committee, UNODA, India’s Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs, the National Authority Chemical Weapons Convention, the Department of Biotechnology, the Directorate General of Foreign Trade, and the Ministry of External Affairs’ Disarmament and International Security Affairs Division are sharing insights and best practices on implementing UNSC Resolution 1540 and Strategic Trade Controls.

Why it matters to India?

This initiative reaffirms India’s strong commitment to non-proliferation and its role as a responsible global player in enforcing strategic trade controls. By leading such an engagement, India strengthens its diplomatic influence in the Asia-Pacific region and contributes to global security by promoting best practices in countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The programme also enhances India’s credibility in international disarmament frameworks, positioning it as a key player in shaping global non-proliferation policies.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar addressed the 12th International Health Dialogue in New Delhi, emphasizing India’s contributions to global health security. He highlighted India’s Vaccine Maitri initiative, medical aid to crisis-hit regions, and the role of Indian pharmaceuticals in ensuring accessible healthcare. He also discussed India’s digital health infrastructure and collaborations under the WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine.

Why it matters to India?

India’s leadership in global health diplomacy enhances its soft power and strengthens partnerships with developing nations. By supporting vaccine distribution, medical aid, and healthcare innovation, India positions itself as a reliable partner in international health initiatives. This aligns with India’s broader strategy of using health diplomacy to build stronger geopolitical and economic ties.

What happened?

The Defence Ministry has formed a high-level committee under Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh to explore private sector participation in the development of India’s fifth-generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). The committee includes representatives from the Indian Air Force (IAF) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Proposed models include joint ventures with private firms and increased outsourcing of jet manufacturing. Companies like Tata, L&T, and Godrej are already engaged in component production. The AMCA, designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), was recently showcased at Aero India 2025 in Bengaluru, featuring AI-powered capabilities for enhanced combat performance.

Why it matters to India?

Integrating private firms into the AMCA project will strengthen India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem and reduce reliance on foreign technology. This move aligns with the ‘Make in India’ initiative, boosting indigenous aerospace capabilities and creating new opportunities for private defence firms. Strengthening domestic production is also crucial as India seeks to modernize its air force and enhance national security.

What happened?

UK Business and Trade Secretary Jonathan Reynolds reaffirmed the importance of the proposed India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in boosting jobs and prosperity. Reynolds, ahead of his meeting with Commerce & Industry Minister Piyush Goyal in New Delhi on February 24, emphasized the FTA’s potential to enhance trade in sectors such as advanced manufacturing, clean energy, and financial services. The talks, originally launched in 2022, were paused before elections in both countries and are now being resumed under the new UK Labour government. The UK is keen to secure a strategic economic partnership with India, including trade cooperation and deeper engagement in security and technology.

Why it matters to India?

The FTA is expected to significantly boost India’s exports, particularly in telecommunications and financial services, while also providing greater access to the UK market. India is prioritizing a threefold increase in exports to the UK by 2030, aligning with its $1 trillion merchandise export target. However, unresolved issues such as mobility for Indian professionals, tariffs on electric vehicles and alcoholic beverages, and the UK’s planned carbon border tax remain key negotiation points. Strengthening trade ties with the UK also helps India counter trade uncertainties stemming from evolving U.S. tariff policies.

What happened?

The first-ever “Women in Peacekeeping: A Global South Perspective” conference is set to take place in New Delhi from February 24-25, 2025. Organized by India’s Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Defence, and the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK), the event will bring together women peacekeepers from 35 troop-contributing countries. UN representatives, including Under-Secretary-General Jean-Pierre Lacroix, will participate alongside global stakeholders to discuss gender representation in peacekeeping operations.

Why it matters to India?

India has been a strong advocate for increasing women’s participation in peacekeeping missions. This conference reinforces India’s leadership in global peacekeeping and its commitment to gender inclusivity in international security. Additionally, the event enhances India’s diplomatic outreach in the Global South, furthering its strategic position in multilateral engagements.

What happened?

At Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s invitation, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, along with the EU College of Commissioners, will visit India on February 27-28, 2025. This marks her third visit to India and the first collective visit of the EU Commissioners since their new mandate began in December 2024. The visit will include delegation-level talks, the second India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) meeting, and bilateral ministerial discussions.

Why it matters to India?

India and the EU share a strategic partnership that has grown over the years, with the EU being India’s largest trade partner in goods. Strengthening trade, technology cooperation, and economic security are key priorities. The visit will provide momentum to India-EU FTA negotiations and facilitate discussions on global trade, digital public infrastructure, and resilient supply chains. The EU’s stance on democratic values and global security also aligns with India’s broader geopolitical strategy.

What happened?

Chief of Army Staff General Upendra Dwivedi began a four-day visit to France on February 24, aimed at strengthening India-France military cooperation. The visit includes meetings with French military leadership, discussions on defence collaboration, and visits to key institutions such as the École Militaire and Battle Lab Terre. General Dwivedi will also lay a wreath at the Neuve Chapelle Indian War Memorial to honour Indian soldiers from World War I.

Why it matters to India?

France is one of India’s closest defence partners, with collaborations spanning fighter jets, submarines, and space security. This visit is expected to reinforce strategic military ties and facilitate joint training programs, enhancing India’s defence modernization efforts. Strengthening military collaboration with France also helps India counter regional security threats and fortify its global defence partnerships.

What happened?

An Indian Army contingent departed on 22 February 2025 for the sixth edition of Exercise Dharma Guardian, scheduled from 24 February to 9 March 2025 at the East Fuji Manoeuvre Training Area, Japan. The exercise, involving 120 personnel from India’s MADRAS Regiment and troops from Japan’s 34th Infantry Regiment, focuses on joint urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a UN mandate.

Why it matters to India:

Exercise Dharma Guardian enhances military interoperability between India and Japan, reinforcing defence ties and strategic cooperation. The joint drills improve operational capabilities, combat readiness, and coordination in urban warfare and disaster response. Strengthening India-Japan defence relations aligns with India’s broader Indo-Pacific strategy, promoting regional stability and shared security objectives.

What happened?

On 21 February 2025, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Johannesburg. The ministers discussed border stability, the resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, and plans to restore direct flights. They also reviewed broader cooperation within multilateral platforms like the G20 and SCO, marking a step towards normalising strained bilateral ties.

Why it matters to India:

The dialogue reflects India’s commitment to maintaining regional stability and resolving longstanding border issues with China. Resuming the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra and restoring air links signal a thaw in relations, fostering people-to-people ties. Strengthened diplomatic engagement supports India’s strategic interests in promoting peace and cooperation with China, crucial for regional and global stability.

What happened?

Prime Minister (PM) Narendra Modi will visit Mauritius on 11-12 March 2025 as the Guest of Honour for the nation’s 57th National Day celebrations. The invitation was extended by Mauritian Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam, who highlighted the significance of PM Modi’s presence, marking the enduring friendship between the two countries.

Why it matters to India:

PM Modi’s visit reinforces India’s long-standing strategic partnership with Mauritius, rooted in shared history, culture, and demography, with nearly 70% of Mauritius’ population being of Indian origin. This engagement aligns with India’s Neighbourhood First, Vision Sagar, Global South, and Africa Forward policies, which prioritise strengthening relations with key Indian Ocean nations. India’s support for Mauritius in its sovereignty claim over the Chagos Archipelago, successfully transferred from British to Mauritian control in October 2024, exemplifies the deep diplomatic trust between the two nations. Modi’s visit is expected to bolster defence, maritime cooperation, and economic partnerships while promoting people-to-people ties. Strengthening India’s presence in the Indian Ocean Region through Mauritius is crucial for ensuring regional security, countering emerging maritime challenges, and enhancing India’s role as a net security provider.

What happened?

The Ministry of Mines, through a gazette notification on 20 February 2025, reclassified Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz from minor to major minerals. This decision follows the Union Cabinet’s approval of the National Critical Mineral Mission on 29 January 2025, aimed at enhancing the exploration and recovery of critical minerals from various sources, including overburden and tailings. The reclassification seeks to encourage scientific mining and proper reporting of associated critical minerals like Lithium and Beryl, often overlooked under minor mineral leases.

Why it matters to India:

This strategic move supports India’s energy transition and technological ambitions by promoting the extraction of critical minerals essential for clean energy, electronics, and healthcare sectors. The new classification ensures better regulatory oversight, increased exploration, and optimal resource utilisation. It also aligns with India’s broader goal of reducing dependency on foreign sources for critical minerals, strengthening domestic supply chains, and fostering economic growth through enhanced mining activities.

What happened?

India actively participated in the first G20 Employment Working Group (EWG) Meeting under South Africa’s presidency, held from 18 to 21 February 2025 in Port Elizabeth. Led by Sumita Dawra, Secretary (Labour & Employment), India highlighted its achievements in leveraging technology for labour welfare, presenting case studies on the eShram and National Career Service (NCS) portals as global best practices. Bilateral meetings with ILO, OECD, Germany, and the Netherlands explored collaborations on skill mapping, AI’s impact on jobs, and living wage frameworks.

Why it matters to India:

India’s participation underscores its leadership in promoting inclusive growth and digitalisation in labour markets. By showcasing platforms like eShram and NCS, India positions itself as a pioneer in using technology to bridge labour market gaps and extend social security to informal workers. Bilateral engagements further India’s efforts to integrate into global labour frameworks, enhance skill recognition, and prepare its workforce for future challenges, strengthening its global workforce contribution.

What happened?

India is expected to allow a senior Taliban representative to oversee the Afghan embassy in New Delhi, marking a shift in its engagement with the Taliban-led government. While India will not officially recognize the Taliban regime, the move reflects its evolving strategy to maintain diplomatic channels and counter China’s growing influence in Afghanistan. Najib Shaheen and Shawkat Ahmadzai are considered frontrunners for the position. India has resumed trade talks with the Taliban and recently stationed an Afghan administrator in Mumbai for consular services.

Why it matters to India?

India’s decision to engage with the Taliban is a pragmatic step to safeguard its strategic and economic interests in Afghanistan. With China expanding its investments in Afghan infrastructure and mining, India seeks to maintain a foothold in the region. Given Afghanistan’s role in regional security and connectivity projects, diplomatic engagement allows India to navigate the complex geopolitical landscape while protecting its investments and countering regional adversaries.

What happened?

Prime Minister of Bhutan Tshering Tobgay arrived in New Delhi on February 20, 2025 on a three-day visit to India. Mr. Tobgay will hold a meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit and he will also participate in the SOUL Leadership Conclave as the keynote speaker.  Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the first SOUL Leadership Conclave in Delhi on February 23. The event marks the formal launch of the Gandhinagar-based School of Ultimate Learning (SOUL), which will provide leadership training from 2027. Bhutanese Prime Minister Dasho Tshering Tobgay will be the Guest of Honour, alongside notable Indian leaders, policymakers, and entrepreneurs. 

Why it matters to India?

SOUL aims to cultivate leadership among India’s youth, aligning with the government’s focus on skill development and capacity building. The conclave enhances India’s educational and diplomatic outreach, with Bhutan’s participation reinforcing bilateral ties. As India aspires to be a global knowledge hub, initiatives like SOUL strengthen its intellectual and leadership capital.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on the sidelines of the G20 ministerial in Johannesburg to discuss developments in the Ukraine conflict, including Lavrov’s recent meeting with US Secretary of State Marco Rubio in Riyadh. The talks focused on restarting diplomatic engagement and potential de-escalation measures. India reiterated its call for dialogue and diplomacy to resolve the war.

Why it matters to India?

India has maintained a neutral stance on the Russia-Ukraine conflict while balancing its strategic partnerships with both Russia and the West. The evolving US-Russia talks could impact global economic stability and energy security—both vital to India. Additionally, India’s engagement with all stakeholders reinforces its role as a bridge between conflicting global powers.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar addressed the G20 Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Johannesburg on February 20, emphasizing the need for global stability. He highlighted concerns about conflicts, financial pressures, and technological disruptions. India welcomed the ceasefire in Gaza, advocated a two-state solution, and reaffirmed its commitment to maritime security in the Indo-Pacific. Jaishankar also called for UN Security Council reforms, stressing the importance of multilateralism and international law.

Why it matters to India?

India’s stance at the G20 underscores its growing role as a global stabilizer and advocate for balanced diplomacy. Given its dependence on Middle Eastern energy supplies and trade routes, stability in the region remains crucial. Additionally, India’s push for UN reforms aligns with its aspirations for a permanent Security Council seat, reinforcing its influence in shaping global governance.

What happened?

Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) Director General Mohammad Ashrafuzzaman denied recent reports of attacks on minorities in Bangladesh, calling them media exaggerations. Speaking at the conclusion of the 55th Director General-level border coordination conference with India’s Border Security Force (BSF) in New Delhi from February 17-20, he stated that such attacks “did not happen.” He cited the peaceful conduct of Durga Puja celebrations and security measures provided by BGB as evidence. The BGB DG also raised objections to India’s border fencing projects, requesting joint inspections before further construction.

Why it matters to India?

India has consistently raised concerns over attacks on Hindu minorities in Bangladesh. The Indian government reported 76 incidents targeting Hindus in Bangladesh between November 26, 2024, and January 25, 2025. Given India’s close economic and strategic ties with Bangladesh, maintaining communal harmony in the neighbouring country is crucial. Furthermore, Bangladesh’s border security policies impact infiltration and cross-border smuggling, which remain key issues for India’s northeastern states.

What happened?

India is expected to become a high-income nation by 2047 with a projected GDP of $23–$35 trillion, according to a report by Bain & Company and National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM). Sustained growth of 8–10%, driven by India’s demographic dividend, technological innovation, and sectoral shifts, will fuel this transformation. Key sectors like electronics, energy, chemicals, automotive, and services are identified as major growth drivers.

Why it matters to India:

Achieving high-income status would cement India’s position as a global economic leader. Growth in critical sectors, expansion of renewable energy, and technological advancements will boost exports, create jobs, and reduce energy dependence, supporting India’s long-term economic and strategic goals.

What happened?

The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) unveiled a ₹500 crore Technology Adoption Fund (TAF) on 19 February 2025 to support India’s space startups and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The fund will provide up to 60% of project costs for startups and MSMEs and 40% for larger industries, with a funding cap of ₹25 crore per project. Aimed at accelerating the development of indigenous space technologies, the fund will bridge the gap between early-stage innovation and commercialisation, while promoting job creation and economic growth in the space sector.

Why it matters to India:

The Technology Adoption Fund strengthens India’s efforts to build a self-reliant space ecosystem, reducing dependence on foreign technology and boosting domestic innovation. By supporting startups and MSMEs, the initiative aligns with India’s ambitions to emerge as a global space hub, fostering technological advancements and creating new economic opportunities. The fund also enhances public-private collaboration in the space sector, which is critical for sustaining India’s long-term space exploration and commercial goals.

What happened?

The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 18 February 2025 to enhance bilateral cooperation in Science and Technology. The agreement, formalised in New Delhi, focuses on joint research, knowledge exchange, and capacity building in fields like biological sciences, nanotechnology, environmental technologies, and alternative energy. The MoU will facilitate scientific exchanges, collaborative research projects, and the sharing of research facilities between India and Nepal.

Why it matters to India:

The strengthened Science and Technology partnership with Nepal enhances India’s scientific diplomacy in the region, promoting cross-border collaboration in critical research areas. The agreement supports India’s goal of fostering innovation-driven growth while strengthening people-to-people and institutional ties with Nepal. Enhanced cooperation in areas like alternative energy and environmental technologies aligns with India’s broader sustainability and regional development goals.

What happened?

India and Argentina signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 19 February 2025 to strengthen cooperation in lithium exploration and mining. The MoU, signed between Mineral Exploration and Consultancy Limited (MECL) and the Provincial Government of Catamarca, focuses on deepening collaboration in critical mineral exploration. Union Minister for Coal and Mines G. Kishan Reddy met with Governor Raúl Alejandro Jalil of Catamarca in New Delhi to discuss investment opportunities and sustainable mining practices. The agreement highlights ongoing lithium exploration by Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL) and Greenko in Argentina’s lithium-rich regions.

Why it matters to India:

The MoU is pivotal for India’s efforts to secure critical minerals essential for its electric vehicle industry and renewable energy goals. Strengthening ties with Argentina, part of the global Lithium Triangle, helps diversify India’s mineral supply chains and reduce reliance on imports from strategic competitors. The agreement also aligns with India’s ambitions to become a global hub for clean energy technologies and supports its broader energy security goals.

What happened?

The Indian Navy’s First Training Squadron (1TS), comprising INS Sujata and ICGS Veera, concluded a three-day visit to Sihanoukville, Cambodia, on 17 February 2025. The visit included bilateral engagements with the Royal Cambodian Navy, focusing on cross-training, interoperability, and regional maritime security. Senior Indian naval officers met with Admiral Tea Vinh, Commander of the Royal Cambodian Navy, and other key officials. The Indian Navy handed over a Small Arms Simulator to the Royal Cambodian Army, hosted joint sports events, and organised guided ship tours for the Indian community in Sihanoukville.

Why it matters to India:

The visit reinforces India’s Act East Policy and its Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) vision, promoting maritime cooperation with Southeast Asian nations. Strengthening naval ties with Cambodia enhances India’s strategic outreach in the Indo-Pacific, counters growing Chinese influence, and contributes to regional security and stability. The exchange of training simulators and joint activities deepens defence ties while promoting goodwill and people-to-people connections.

What happened?

India handed over an Infantry Weapon Training Simulator (IWTS) to the Royal Cambodian Army (RCA) on 17 February 2025 at a ceremony held at the RCA Headquarters. The event was presided over by General Mao Sophan, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, and Vanlalvawna Bawitlung, Indian Ambassador to Cambodia.

Why it matters to India:

The donation reinforces India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific strategy, strengthening defence ties with Cambodia at a time of growing Chinese influence in Southeast Asia. The IWTS will bolster Cambodia’s military capabilities, promoting joint exercises and interoperability, as seen during the inaugural India-Cambodia bilateral military exercise, CINBAX, in December 2024. This engagement aligns with India’s broader goal of offering ASEAN partners alternatives to Chinese military support, ensuring regional stability, and maintaining a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific. Cambodia’s strategic location near the South China Sea makes it a key partner in India’s efforts to counterbalance Beijing’s expanding presence, including concerns over China’s control of Cambodia’s Ream Naval Base.

What happened?

The 9th edition of the Asia Economic Dialogue (AED) will take place from 20-22 February 2025 in Pune. Co-hosted by the Ministry of External Affairs and Pune International Centre, this year’s theme is “Economic Resilience and Resurgence in an Era of Fragmentation.” Discussions will cover AI, automation, cybersecurity, the blue economy, and the international monetary system. The event will bring together political leaders, policymakers, and industry experts.

Why it matters to India:

As global economic dynamics shift, the AED provides a key forum for India to shape discussions on emerging technologies, trade resilience, and economic cooperation. The focus on AI and automation aligns with India’s push for digital transformation and technological self-reliance. The dialogue also enhances India’s engagement with international economic stakeholders, reinforcing its role as a major voice in global economic governance.

What happened?

External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar will attend the G20 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in Johannesburg from 20-21 February 2025 at the invitation of South Africa’s Foreign Minister Ronald Lamola. On the sidelines, Jaishankar will hold bilateral meetings with counterparts from other G20 nations. The meeting will address key global challenges, with South Africa presiding over the G20 for 2024-25.

Why it matters to India:

India sees the G20 as a key platform to advocate for Global South priorities, particularly in trade, digital economy, and climate finance. South Africa’s presidency provides an opportunity to align with BRICS partners on economic and multilateral issues. Jaishankar’s participation reinforces India’s commitment to shaping the global agenda following its own G20 presidency in 2023.

What happened?

Qatar’s Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani visited India from 17-18 February 2025, where he met President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The two sides signed multiple agreements, including an ‘Agreement on the Establishment of Bilateral Strategic Partnership’. Qatar committed to investing $10 billion in India, while both countries agreed to explore a Free Trade Agreement and double bilateral trade by 2030. Cooperation on energy, security, fintech, and cultural exchanges was also strengthened.

Why it matters to India:

The upgraded strategic partnership signals Qatar’s growing role in India’s economic and energy security framework. The $10 billion investment commitment and financial collaborations, including the operationalisation of India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in Qatar, reflect deepening economic ties. The agreement to settle bilateral trade in local currencies also aligns with India’s efforts to internationalise the rupee. Enhanced cooperation in security and counterterrorism further strengthens India’s strategic presence in the Gulf region.

What happened?

India and Malaysia held the 13th Malaysia-India Defence Cooperation Committee (MIDCOM) meeting in Kuala Lumpur on 19 February 2025. Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh and his Malaysian counterpart Lokman Hakim Bin Ali co-chaired the talks, focusing on defence industry collaboration, maritime security, multilateral engagements, and emerging areas like cybersecurity and AI. Both sides exchanged Terms of Reference (ToR) for a Strategic Affairs Working Group and a Su-30 Forum to enhance cooperation between their air forces.

Why it matters to India:

The meeting underscores India’s efforts to deepen security partnerships in the Indo-Pacific, aligning with its Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative. Strengthening defence industry cooperation with Malaysia presents new opportunities for India’s defence exports and technology collaborations. Malaysia’s ASEAN chairmanship in 2025 also makes this engagement strategically significant for India’s broader regional outreach.

What happened?

On 17 February 2025, a Nepali student at KIIT University in Odisha tragically took their own life. The incident raised concerns among the Nepali student community studying in India. In response, the Indian government has extended condolences and reassured Nepali students that their safety and well-being are a priority. Authorities in both countries are working together to address the situation. The Indian government has also assured Nepal’s diplomatic mission that measures will be taken to ensure the mental and emotional well-being of students from Nepal residing in India.

Why it matters to India

This tragic incident highlights the importance of maintaining the safety and mental health of international students in India, particularly from neighbouring countries like Nepal. Nepal is a close ally of India, and fostering positive relations through mutual respect and care for Nepali citizens is essential. The Indian government’s quick response reinforces its commitment to the well-being of international students, which is vital for maintaining a strong educational and diplomatic relationship with Nepal. Moreover, addressing the mental health challenges faced by students can ensure a more supportive environment for international students in India, which may help enhance educational exchange and collaboration between the two nations.

What happened?

On 16 February 2025, Tesla posted job openings for key positions in India, signalling its concrete steps toward entering the country’s electric vehicle (EV) market. The move follows ongoing negotiations between Tesla and the Indian government regarding import duty reductions and local manufacturing commitments. Earlier, on 13 February 2025, Tesla CEO Elon Musk met with Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the latter’s visit to the United States. The meeting focused on strengthening business relations, with Musk expressing interest in expanding Tesla’s footprint in India. Tesla is expected to begin its operations in India later in 2025, possibly by initially focusing on importing vehicles before moving to local production.

Why it matters to India

Tesla’s entry into India marks a significant milestone for the EV sector. The company’s advanced technology and brand recognition could accelerate EV adoption, aligning with India’s clean energy targets. Tesla’s presence will likely attract foreign investments, create jobs, and boost competition, which could lead to more affordable EVs and innovations from domestic manufacturers. Beyond economic benefits, this move also supports India’s push for reducing carbon emissions and fossil fuel dependence, contributing to a greener future for the country.

What happened?

Following the ceremonial welcome of the Amir of Qatar, Sheikh Tammin Bin Hammad Al- Thani, at the Rashtrapati Bhavan, two MoUs have been signed between both nations today, on February 18, 2025, focussing on trade, technology and investments.

Why it matters to India :

Minister of Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal shared that two MoUs were signed, one between the Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) and Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) at the India-Qatar Business Forum and the other between Invest Qatar and Invest India. The focus areas of partnership are evolving from energy trade to emerging technologies like Artificial intelligence, the Internet of things and Quantum computing amidst Geopolitical tensions. While the history between both nations goes back to the 1800s, Qatar can be a catalyst by providing investment opportunities in India as it aims to transition from a resource-driven to a human capital-driven economy.

What happened?

Between April 2024 and January 2025, India’s total exports (merchandise and services) increased by 7.21% to approximately $683 billion. However, imports also surged by 8.96% to around $770 billion, resulting in a trade deficit of about $87 billion. Merchandise exports for this period stood at $359 billion, while merchandise imports reached $602 billion, leading to a merchandise trade deficit of approximately $243 billion. The latest figures were released by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry on 15 February 2025.

Why it matters to India

A widening trade deficit puts pressure on India’s currency, external debt, and economic growth. While rising imports indicate strong domestic demand, over-reliance on foreign goods, particularly in sectors like electronics and petroleum, remains a concern. India needs to enhance exports, reduce import dependency, and strengthen trade partnerships to boost economic sustainability and improve its trade balance.

What happened?

India and Sri Lanka held a meeting to strengthen their cooperation in critical minerals exploration and mining. On 15 February 2025, India’s Union Minister of State for Coal and Mines, Satish Chandra Dubey, met with Sunil Handunnetti, Sri Lanka’s Minister of Industry and Entrepreneurship Development, in New Delhi. The discussions focused on fostering collaboration in mineral resources, with particular attention to a proposed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between India’s Ministry of Mines and Sri Lanka’s Geological Survey & Mines Bureau on geology and mineral resource cooperation.

Why it matters to India:

This meeting holds strategic significance for India as it aligns with the country’s efforts to secure a stable supply of critical minerals essential for its renewable energy ambitions and high-tech industries. With Sri Lanka possessing vast reserves of graphite and beach sand minerals—key components in battery technologies and clean energy solutions—strengthening cooperation in mineral exploration and mining presents India with a valuable opportunity to reduce its dependence on external suppliers. The discussions also emphasised India’s National Critical Mineral Mission, which aims to ensure access to essential resources like lithium, nickel, and cobalt, reinforcing its broader economic and industrial objectives. The proposed MoU on geology and mineral resources is expected to formalise and expand collaboration, enabling India to play a key role in modernising Sri Lanka’s mining sector while securing long-term strategic interests. By encouraging Indian companies to invest in Sri Lanka’s mineral assets, the meeting also aligns with India’s broader geopolitical and economic goals, enhancing bilateral ties and regional stability.

What happened?

The first round of India-Chad Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) was held on 13 February 2025 in N’Djamena, Republic of Chad. It was co-chaired by Sevala Naik Mude, Additional Secretary for Central and West Africa, and Mrs. Fatime Aldjineh Garfa from Chad. During the FOC, both sides conducted a comprehensive review of India-Chad relations, encompassing key areas of bilateral cooperation.

Why it matters to India:

India and Chad maintain cordial relations characterised by mutual respect and shared values. Economically, bilateral trade reached $513.59 million in 2018-19, primarily due to India’s import of crude oil from Chad. Indian companies, notably Airtel, have invested significantly in Chad’s telecommunications sector, enhancing connectivity and economic ties. Chad’s strategic location in Central Africa and its role as a member of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) further underscore its importance to India. The two nations have identified areas for cooperation, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, and defence, aiming to strengthen their bilateral partnership.

What happened?

At the recently concluded 61st Munich Security Conference, India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM)  S. Jaishankar met a cross-section of European leaders from Western, Central, and Nordic Europe to discuss and hear their views amid the ongoing thaw in US-Russia relations. The minister, however, had a tough message for the West’s approach to democracy, describing it as an exclusive Western characteristic.

Why it matters to India:

Jaishankar’s engagements with European leaders and his statements at the Munich Security Conference are significant for India as they underscore the country’s growing confidence and independent stance on the global stage. India has consistently advocated for peace and diplomacy to resolve the ongoing Ukraine-Russia crisis, a position that aligns with its long-standing commitment to dialogue as a means of conflict resolution. By meeting with key stakeholders across Europe, India reinforces its role as a neutral party capable of engaging with all sides.
These interactions also present valuable opportunities to strengthen bilateral relations with European partners and advance India’s economic and strategic interests. Jaishankar’s emphasis on India’s unique democratic model and its success in delivering for its people further highlights the country’s democratic credentials and its leadership in championing peace, particularly in regions affected by conflict.

What happened?

In his second meeting with India’s External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar in five months, Bangladesh’s interim government foreign affairs adviser, Mohammad Touhid Hossain, urged India to agree to a foreign secretaries’ meeting under the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) framework—a meeting that has not taken place in nine years. The request was made, according to the Bangladesh Foreign Ministry’s readout, when Hossain spoke to Jaishankar on the sidelines of the Indian Ocean Conference in Oman on 16 February. They had previously met in New York last September.

Why it matters to India:

Bangladesh’s push to revive SAARC and its warming ties with Pakistan poses a strategic challenge for India. While India has promoted the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) as an alternative to SAARC due to concerns over Pakistan’s role in cross-border terrorism, Bangladesh, under interim leader Muhammad Yunus, sees SAARC as a vital platform for regional cooperation. India faces the dilemma of whether to engage with SAARC again, a move that could open up tensions, particularly with Pakistan’s involvement. Meanwhile, Bangladesh’s recent diplomatic overtures toward Pakistan signal a shift in foreign policy, with Islamabad seeking to strengthen relations with Dhaka. This diversification of alliances complicates India’s diplomatic calculations. India now faces the delicate task of balancing its relationship with Bangladesh while ensuring that regional dynamics do not undermine its interests. Notably, Bangladesh’s foreign affairs adviser also “emphasised the importance of initiating the discussion for the renewal of the Ganges Water Treaty.”

What happened?

At the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Amir of the State of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani, will visit India from 17 to 18 February 2025. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) reports that the Amir will be accompanied by a high-level delegation, including ministers, senior officials, and a business delegation.

Why it matters to India:

India’s ties with Qatar are becoming increasingly important due to the country’s expanding diplomatic efforts in the Middle East. With ongoing tensions between Israel and Palestine resulting in conflict in Gaza, India has been strengthening ties with Middle Eastern nations while advocating for peace and regional stability. Qatar is India’s largest supplier of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and hosts a significant Indian expatriate community, the largest in Qatar. Energy and geopolitics are expected to feature prominently on the agenda for the Amir’s visit, and India’s strategic diplomatic outreach in the region adds further significance to this visit.

What happened?

India and the U.S. have launched the COMPACT (Catalysing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce & Technology) initiative, a new framework designed to deepen defence cooperation and strategic alignment between the two countries. This includes a 10-year defence framework aimed at expanding joint production, procurement, and technology-sharing. The announcement was made during a recently concluded visit to the U.S. by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Why it matters to India

India’s growing defence partnership with the U.S. is a crucial step in countering security threats, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, where China’s increasing assertiveness poses a significant challenge. The agreement enhances India’s military capabilities by ensuring continued access to advanced U.S. defence technology, including Javelin anti-tank missiles, Stryker infantry combat vehicles, and additional P-8I maritime patrol aircraft. The integration of U.S.-origin platforms, such as C-130J Super Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, MH-60R Seahawks, AH-64E Apache helicopters, and MQ-9B drones, into India’s defence arsenal strengthens its operational readiness and interoperability with U.S. forces. Furthermore, the agreement to streamline arms transfer regulations and improve maintenance and spare supply chains enhances India’s defence procurement efficiency. The planned Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) agreement will also facilitate greater collaboration between Indian and U.S. defence industries, fostering long-term strategic ties. By securing access to cutting-edge military technology, India bolsters its deterrence capabilities, enhances its regional security posture, and solidifies its role as a key defence partner for the U.S.

What happened?

India and the United States have committed to negotiating the initial phase of a bilateral trade agreement by autumn 2025, with the ambitious goal of doubling trade volumes to $500 billion by 2030 under the ‘Mission 500’ initiative. A key aspect of this plan includes expanding India’s energy imports from the U.S. to address the existing trade imbalance and strengthen economic ties. The discussion on trade took place during the recently concluded visit to the U.S. by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Why it matters to India

The United States is India’s largest trading partner, and expanding bilateral trade offers India a strategic opportunity to increase its exports, particularly in sectors like technology, electronics, and jewellery. With the U.S. imposing high tariffs on China, Mexico, and Canada, India has the potential to capture a larger share of the American market, boosting its export-driven growth. Additionally, increased energy imports from the U.S. can help India diversify its energy sources, reducing reliance on the Middle East and improving its energy security. The agreement also signals a commitment to resolving trade disputes by addressing tariff and non-tariff barriers, improving market access for Indian businesses. While the U.S. trade deficit with India has widened in recent years, these negotiations indicate a cooperative approach to fostering economic growth on both sides. Strengthening trade ties with the U.S. not only enhances India’s global economic positioning but also lays the groundwork for sustained industrial and technological development.

What happened?

During his U.S. visit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk to explore opportunities for technological and industrial collaboration between India and the United States. Discussions focused on deepening cooperation in space exploration, artificial intelligence, sustainable energy, and digital connectivity.

Why it matters to India

This meeting holds strategic importance for India, given its aspirations to advance in critical technology sectors. One key area of discussion was the potential introduction of SpaceX’s Starlink satellite internet service, which could revolutionise broadband access in remote areas, helping bridge India’s digital divide. Expanding digital infrastructure is crucial for India’s economic and educational development, and such a collaboration could fast-track progress. Another key focus was Tesla’s growing interest in entering the Indian market, which aligns with India’s push for electric mobility and its broader commitment to clean energy. By encouraging investment from Tesla, India not only supports its environmental goals but also boosts local manufacturing, generates employment, and strengthens its role in the global EV supply chain. Furthermore, deeper engagement with leading technology firms like Tesla and SpaceX allows India to position itself as a key player in the fields of innovation, AI, and space exploration, ensuring it remains at the forefront of the global technological transformation.

What happened?

Artificial intelligence (AI), next-generation technologies, and semiconductors took centre stage in the high-level discussions between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House. The talks resulted in key announcements, including the launch of the U.S.-India TRUST (Transforming the Relationship Utilising Strategic Technology) initiative and INDUS Innovation, both aimed at strengthening bilateral technological cooperation.

Why it matters to India

The TRUST initiative is a significant step forward in India’s efforts to position itself as a major player in global technology development. This agreement seeks to enhance collaboration across crucial sectors, including defence, AI, semiconductors, quantum computing, biotechnology, energy, and space. A major aspect of the initiative involves developing a U.S.-India roadmap to accelerate AI infrastructure, ensuring access to computing power, AI processors, and next-generation data centres. Given the increasing global competition in AI and semiconductor technology, this partnership allows India to reduce its reliance on China for critical components and strengthen its domestic industry. Additionally, the INDUS Innovation framework, modelled after the successful INDUS-X defence-tech collaboration, aims to foster partnerships between private industries, research institutions, and the public sector, encouraging investment and knowledge-sharing. The deepening technological cooperation between India and the U.S. is expected to accelerate India’s progress in emerging fields, boost job creation, and solidify its role as a key global technology hub.

What happened?

India and the United States have jointly urged Pakistan to ensure that its territory is not used for cross-border terrorism, emphasising the need for decisive action against terrorist groups operating from its soil. A joint statement issued after high-level talks on 13 February 2025 reiterated the demand for Pakistan to swiftly bring to justice the perpetrators of the 2008 Mumbai attacks (26/11) and the 2016 Pathankot airbase attack. It underscored the urgency of preventing Pakistan-based terror outfits like Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) from orchestrating future attacks across borders.

Why it matters to India

The explicit mention of Pakistan in the joint statement reinforces international diplomatic pressure on Islamabad to take concrete action against terror groups. By securing strong backing from the United States, India strengthens its counterterrorism stance and reinforces its long-standing demand for accountability in past attacks. This statement not only calls for justice in specific terror incidents but also signals a larger commitment to ensuring that terror networks operating from Pakistan are dismantled. Moreover, the diplomatic move highlights the deepening counterterrorism cooperation between India and the U.S., reflecting a shared global priority in combating terrorism. It also bolsters India’s efforts to rally other international partners on this issue, enhancing its strategic position in global security frameworks.

What happened?

India and Tanzania held the second meeting of the Joint Working Group (JWG) on Counter-Terrorism in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from February 12-13, 2025. The meeting was led by Mr. K.D. Dewal, Joint Secretary for Counter-Terrorism in India’s Ministry of External Affairs, and Dr. Maduhu I. Kazi, Deputy Permanent Secretary of Tanzania’s Ministry of Home Affairs. Delegations from various departments and agencies from both nations participated.

Why it matters to India:

The two sides reviewed emerging threats in their regions, including state-sponsored and cross-border terrorism. They exchanged views on the use of the internet and new technologies for terrorist purposes, the global movement of terrorists, and radicalization. Both sides shared experiences in countering the financing of terrorism, transnational organized crime, and narco-terrorism. They committed to information sharing, capacity-building and continued bilateral and multilateral efforts to address these threats. The Indian delegation also visited the Police Forensic Bureau (PFB) of Tanzania, discussing strengthened cooperation with their counterparts in India. Both sides agreed to hold the next JWG meeting in Delhi on a mutually convenient date.

What happened?

The Indian government has approved ₹3,295.76 crore for 40 tourism projects under the Scheme for Special Assistance to States/UTs for Capital Investment (SASCI). These projects are aimed at enhancing tourism infrastructure, improving travel experiences, and positioning India as a leading global tourist hub. Key initiatives include the Swadesh Darshan 2.0 scheme for sustainable tourism, enhanced connectivity through inter-ministerial collaboration, and capacity-building programs to train service providers. The launch of the Incredible India Content Hub will further strengthen India’s digital tourism promotion.

Why it matters to India:

Tourism is a significant economic driver for India, contributing to employment, local business growth, and cultural exchange. Improved infrastructure and enhanced global marketing efforts are expected to attract more international visitors, boost domestic tourism, and elevate India’s reputation as a world-class travel destination.

What happened?

After attending the AI Action Summit in Paris, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Washington from February 12-13, 2025, at the invitation of U.S. President Donald Trump. During his visit, Modi held high-level bilateral talks with President Trump on a range of topics, including trade, technology, defence, security, energy, and people-to-people ties.

Why it matters to India:

Prime Minister Modi’s visit to the U.S. in 2025 reinforced the India-U.S. partnership with key agreements on defence, trade, technology, and energy. A new 10-year defence framework and joint military production deals enhanced security ties, while the Reciprocal Defense Procurement (RDP) agreement facilitated arms transfers. Economic outcomes included partial tariff dispute resolutions, the reinstatement of GSP benefits for Indian exports, and expanded U.S. market access. Technology collaboration was advanced through the Semiconductor Supply Chain Partnership and AI initiatives. Additionally, energy deals secured LNG supply and nuclear cooperation. Both nations reiterated their commitment to Indo-Pacific security, although challenges remain in digital trade and human rights discussions. The visit marked a shift towards a more results-oriented bilateral relationship.

What happened?

Following the conclusion of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to France, it was announced that French shipping major CMA CGM will play a crucial role in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC). This initiative, discussed during the visit with French President Emmanuel Macron at CMA CGM’s headquarters in Marseille, aims to enhance trade connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe.

Why it matters to India:

The IMEC is set to significantly boost India’s trade by improving logistical connectivity with Europe and the Middle East, reducing transportation time and costs. As a key player in global logistics, CMA CGM’s involvement will ensure the efficiency of the corridor. This strategic project aligns with India’s goal of becoming a central hub in international trade and is expected to create substantial economic growth opportunities, reinforcing India’s position on the global stage.

What happened?

The Indian government has proposed an industrial calendar to strengthen the connection between research and industry. Announced by Union Minister Jitendra Singh, the initiative calls for scientific labs under various ministries to schedule dedicated industrial meetings, fostering structured engagement with the private sector. The goal is to speed up the commercialisation of scientific breakthroughs and ensure that technological innovations reach the public more efficiently.

Why it matters to India:

This proposal is set to bridge the gap between research and industry, enhancing India’s innovation ecosystem. By increasing industry involvement in scientific progress, the government aims to fast-track the application of research in real-world solutions, ultimately benefiting public welfare and driving economic growth. The initiative also promotes inclusivity, providing underprivileged groups, such as tribal students, opportunities to engage with scientific research, which could contribute to a more diverse and innovative scientific community in India.

What happened?

Turkiye President Recep Tayyip Erdogan arrived in Pakistan for a two-day visit today (February 13, 2025) aimed at enhancing bilateral relations between the two countries. During his visit, discussions will focus on expanding trade, deepening defence cooperation, and strengthening ties in business and technology. Erdogan expressed his hope that the visit would further solidify the longstanding friendship between Turkey and Pakistan, particularly within the Islamic world.

Why it matters to India:

Erdogan’s visit to Pakistan is significant for India due to Turkiye’s longstanding support for Pakistan, particularly in the context of Kashmir. Turkiye has historically aligned with Pakistan’s position on Kashmir, which has caused diplomatic friction with India. Additionally, with Turkiye strengthening its relationship with Pakistan in defence and trade, this alignment could lead to a more influential role for Turkiye in the region, which will have long-term implications for India’s strategic interests.  With increasing defence collaboration and trade between Turkey and Pakistan, India may view these developments with concern, particularly as they relate to regional security and geopolitical alignment in South Asia.

What happened?

India took part in the 63rd session of the Commission for Social Development (CSocD63) at the United Nations headquarters in New York. The session reviewed global progress on social development policies, focusing on poverty alleviation, social protection, and inclusive economic growth.

Why it matters to India:

India’s participation reinforces its commitment to sustainable and inclusive development, aligning with its national policies such as Ayushman Bharat (universal healthcare), the National Education Policy (NEP), and Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). These initiatives contribute to India’s social transformation and serve as models for other developing nations.

Engagement at CSocD63 also strengthens India’s diplomatic standing in multilateral organisations, allowing it to influence global policy discussions on social equity, employment, and economic resilience. India’s emphasis on digital public infrastructure and welfare-driven growth positions it as a leader in South-South cooperation.

What happened?

The inaugural India-Equatorial Guinea Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) were held on 10 February 2025 in Malabo, Republic of Equatorial Guinea. The meeting was co-chaired by Sevala Naik Mude, Additional Secretary (Central and West Africa), Ministry of External Affairs, India, and Mr Matias Nguema Mba Medja, Secretary General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and Diaspora, Equatorial Guinea.

Discussions covered a comprehensive review of bilateral relations, with a focus on trade, investment, mining, agriculture, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, education, defence, maritime security, and digital infrastructure. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to expanding economic and diplomatic engagement, as well as enhancing cooperation in multilateral forums.

Why it matters to India:

India’s engagement with Equatorial Guinea aligns with its broader Africa strategy, emphasising economic cooperation, energy security, and capacity building. India gifted 10,000 kg of anti-retroviral drugs and diagnostic kits for HIV management, reinforcing its commitment to global healthcare partnerships.

Bilateral trade between the two countries reached USD 347.10 million in 2023–24, with oil and gas imports constituting a significant portion. While trade peaked at USD 983.80 million in 2019–20, there remains substantial potential for diversification, particularly in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and pharmaceuticals.

Equatorial Guinea’s participation in India-led multilateral initiatives such as the Voice of Global South Summits and International Solar Alliance further strengthens diplomatic ties. The commitment to holding the next round of consultations in New Delhi signals the intent to deepen cooperation across sectors.

What happened?

India and France bolstered their strategic partnership during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s two-day visit (10-12 February 2025) by signing key agreements in technology, civil nuclear energy, environmental sustainability, and cultural affairs.

Why it matters to India:

Prime Minister Modi’s visit to France strengthened India’s strategic partnership with key agreements in technology, civil nuclear energy, environmental sustainability, and cultural affairs. Both countries issued a declaration on artificial intelligence and launched the India-France Year of Innovation 2026 logo. A letter of intent was signed to establish the Indo-French Center for Digital Sciences, and 10 Indian startups will be hosted at France’s Station F incubator. The visit also saw strengthened civil nuclear cooperation, including agreements on advanced modular reactors and small modular reactors. India and France signed a joint declaration for a Triangular Development Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific and committed to collaborating on environmental issues like biodiversity and marine conservation. The inauguration of India’s Consulate in Marseille will further enhance people-to-people and cultural ties.

What happened?

At ongoing Aero India 2025 in Bengaluru, India’s Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh held discussions with delegations from leading aerospace firms, including GE Aerospace, Safran, Leonardo S.p.A., Dassault Aviation, and BAE Systems. The meetings aimed to advance strategic partnerships, facilitate technology transfer, and explore future collaboration opportunities in India’s aerospace and defence sectors. Additionally, the Defence Secretary met with Lieutenant General Gael Diaz de Tuesta, Director of the International Directorate of the Directorate General of Armament, France, to discuss joint projects and strengthen defence-industrial cooperation.

Why it matters to India:

India’s engagement with global aerospace firms aligns with its Aatmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) initiative, seeking to enhance indigenous defence manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports. The discussions underscore India’s strategy of leveraging foreign collaboration to build a robust defence industrial base. Key focus areas include bolstering maritime security, expanding defence production capabilities, and addressing emerging threats like cyber warfare and climate-induced security risks. India’s active pursuit of strategic partnerships reflects its aspiration to play a greater role in global security while ensuring that its defence sector becomes a driver of economic growth.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, the Fourth India-UK Energy Dialogue was held in New Delhi, co-chaired by Union Minister of Power and Housing Manohar Lal Khattar and UK Secretary for Energy Security and Net Zero, Ed Miliband. The two leaders launched Phase 2 of the ASPIRE programme, which focuses on enhancing power supply, expanding renewable energy, and promoting industrial energy efficiency and decarbonisation. They also discussed expanding cooperation in energy storage, offshore wind, and green data centres, while exploring new opportunities in electric mobility and MSME development.

 Why it matters to India:

This dialogue deepens India-UK collaboration on energy security and sustainable development. It will support India’s transition to a cleaner energy future, particularly in renewable energy, decarbonisation, and energy efficiency. The establishment of a UK-India Offshore Wind Taskforce and progress in green hydrogen projects signify a new era of energy cooperation. India’s experience in solar energy implementation, such as the Solar Rooftop Programme, was also highlighted as an example of success that can inform future collaboration. This partnership supports both nations’ energy transition goals while promoting economic growth and job creation.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, India reaffirmed its commitment to the strategic Chabahar port in Iran, despite US efforts to rescind sanctions waivers. The US had recently imposed new measures targeting Iran’s nuclear program, including potential changes to Chabahar’s sanctions waiver. India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stated that the port has proven its importance in enhancing connectivity to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan. Chabahar has been pivotal for India’s humanitarian efforts, with significant supplies delivered to Afghanistan through the port.

Why it matters to India:

India has invested millions in Chabahar, recognising it as a critical link to Afghanistan and Central Asia, crucial for regional trade and security. The port also offers an alternative route to support Afghanistan’s reconstruction efforts. India’s commitment to Chabahar is a cornerstone of its broader strategic relationship with Iran, and its development has strengthened India’s geopolitical positioning in the region. The port’s role in facilitating humanitarian aid underscores its broader importance in India’s foreign policy.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, experts from India and France gathered at Sciences Po University in Paris to discuss artificial intelligence (AI) policy and governance. The second India-France AI Policy Roundtable, a key side event to the AI Action Summit, was organised by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) of the Government of India, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, the IndiaAI Mission, and Sciences Po Paris. The discussions focused on data protection, AI foundation models, and data sovereignty, with an emphasis on cross-border data flows and the need for harmonised global AI governance frameworks.

Why it matters to India:

The roundtable highlighted the importance of making AI accessible to all, setting internationally recognised standards, and ensuring ethical AI deployment. Key issues included the development of sovereign AI models, multilingual large language models (LLMs), federated AI infrastructure, and sustainable AI practices. India and France discussed the potential for collaboration on indigenous AI models and cross-border research and data-sharing initiatives. This event built on the first India-France AI Policy Roundtable held in Bengaluru, reinforcing conversations on inclusive AI frameworks and public-private partnerships for responsible AI development.

What happened?

On February 11, 2025, at the Paris AI Action Summit, co-chaired by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President Emmanuel Macron, global leaders convened to discuss AI governance, innovation, and ethical deployment. 

PM Modi emphasised the need for a collective global approach to AI regulation, addressing challenges such as bias in AI models, data security, misinformation, and sustainability. He also highlighted India’s leadership in AI adoption, digital public infrastructure, and responsible AI governance, positioning the country as a key player in shaping the global AI future.

Why it matters to India:

India views AI as a powerful tool for economic growth, governance, and societal transformation. At the Paris AI Action Summit, PM Modi highlighted the country’s focus on ethical, inclusive, and responsible AI development, emphasising its potential to drive progress in healthcare, education, and agriculture. As a leader in AI adoption, India is committed to developing open-source systems, bias-free data sets, and people-centric applications to ensure accessibility, especially in the Global South. Recognising AI’s risks—such as cyber threats, disinformation, and job displacement—India is investing in skill development and regulatory frameworks to create a balanced AI ecosystem. 

Additionally, India is integrating AI with sustainable energy solutions, reinforcing its leadership in both technological and environmental innovation. Through global collaboration, public-private partnerships, and its National AI Mission, India aims to shape an AI-driven future that is secure, transparent, and beneficial for all.

What happened?

Last week, a parliamentary panel recommended that the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) conduct a “comprehensive security assessment” of all Indian missions and posts abroad. The assessment is to account for the geopolitical situation, potential threats, and vulnerabilities in host countries. The report, presented by the Committee on External Affairs, also highlighted that India currently does not have resident missions in 42 countries.

Why it matters to India:

This recommendation, outlined in the Fourth Report of the Committee on External Affairs for the fiscal year 2024-25, stresses the importance of securing India’s diplomatic infrastructure. Led by Congress MP Shashi Tharoor, the report also outlines key criteria for establishing new missions based on factors like economic partnerships, strategic cooperation, and diaspora engagement. The report emphasises that adequate resources should be allocated for the protection of both the physical and digital infrastructure of the missions. 

The recommendations are particularly relevant in the context of rising security concerns in countries like Bangladesh, parts of West Asia, and the growing issue of anti-India activities in Canada, which have impacted bilateral relations.

What happened?

On February 8, 2025, a report by Bain & Company revealed that India’s pharmaceutical exports are projected to grow significantly. The report, titled Healing the World: Roadmap for Making India a Global Pharma Exports Hub, forecasts that exports will double from approximately $27 billion in 2023 to $65 billion by 2030 and could reach $350 billion by 2047. The report was unveiled during the Indian Drug Manufacturers Association’s (IDMA) 63rd Annual Day event in Mumbai by Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal.

Why it matters to India:

This growth target aligns with India’s ambition to transition from the “pharmacy of the world” to the “healthcare custodian of the world.” While India is the largest global supplier of generic drugs, it ranks 11th in export value. The expansion of the pharmaceutical sector is crucial to India’s vision of becoming a global healthcare leader, contributing to economic growth, fostering innovation, and establishing the country as a top player in the global healthcare ecosystem.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, the 15th edition of Aero India, Asia’s largest aerospace and defence exhibition, began at the Yelahanka Air Force Station in Bengaluru, Karnataka. The event spans over 42,000 square metres and features more than 900 exhibitors, including 150 international firms, making it the largest Aero India exhibition. This year’s theme is “The Runway to a Billion Opportunities.”

Why it matters to India:

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh highlighted the importance of the exhibition, noting the participation of over 90 nations as a sign of growing global confidence in India’s aerospace and defence capabilities. He also emphasised that the presence of air chiefs and representatives from 43 countries demonstrates the event’s international significance. Aero India is a key platform to showcase India’s growing defence capabilities, strengthen global partnerships, and support the government’s vision of a self-reliant and resilient India. Additionally, it serves to inspire the nation’s youth towards innovation and scientific progress.

What happened?

On February 10, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi departed for a four-day visit to France and the United States. During his trip, he will engage in talks with French President Emmanuel Macron and US President Donald Trump. PM Modi will be in France from February 10-12, co-chairing the AI Action Summit and inaugurating the first Indian Consulate in Marseille. He will also visit the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project, which India partners with. From France, he will proceed to the United States for a two-day visit from February 13-14 to meet President Trump.

Why it matters to India:

These visits are significant as it marks the first meeting between PM Modi and President Trump following the latter’s second-term inauguration. The visit to the U.S. will provide an opportunity to review and strengthen the India-U.S. strategic partnership, focusing on technology, trade, defence, energy, and supply chain resilience. For India, the trip to France underscores the strengthening of India-France ties, particularly in sectors such as artificial intelligence, nuclear energy, and defence collaboration. The visit to both nations is a step towards cementing India’s position as a global leader in technology and innovation while reinforcing diplomatic and economic ties with key international partners.

What happened?

India is set to inaugurate the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Desk in New Delhi on February 10, 2025, marking a significant step in strengthening economic relations with the EFTA. Union Minister for Commerce and Industry Piyush Goyal, along with representatives from the EFTA bloc, will inaugurate the desk at Bharat Mandapam. The initiative aims to facilitate trade, investment, and business cooperation between India and the four EFTA nations—Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein.

Why it matters to India:

The EFTA Desk will support India’s economic growth by enhancing trade and investment links with key European countries. Under the India-EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA), signed on March 10, 2024, the desk will provide regulatory guidance, business matchmaking, and insights into India’s investment landscape. The EFTA has committed to investing $100 billion in India over the next 15 years, which is expected to create one million direct jobs. This collaboration offers India greater market access, particularly for non-agricultural products and processed agricultural goods, which is vital for India’s long-term economic development.

What happened?

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi will visit the United States on 12-13 February to hold talks with US President Donald Trump and engage with senior leaders of the US administration. This will be PM Modi’s first visit to the US since President Trump’s second-term inauguration.

Why it matters to India

During a special media briefing, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri emphasised the significance of the visit, stating that PM Modi’s trip within three weeks of the new administration taking office highlights the strategic importance of the India-US partnership. Misri confirmed that energy and defence will be key focus areas in discussions between PM Modi and President Trump.

What happened?

India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) on February 7, 2025 summoned Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India, Md. Nural Islam, to express concerns over continued negative remarks by Bangladeshi authorities regarding India.

Why it matters to India:

On February 6, 2025, Bangladesh formally lodged a strong protest with India over remarks made by deposed Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, particularly concerning the alleged recent vandalism of her father Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s house. Bangladesh’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs criticised Hasina’s statements as “false and fabricated” and described her activities while in exile in India as a “hostile act.”

MEA Spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal, in an official statement, said:

“Comments attributed to former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina have been made in her individual capacity, in which India has no role to play. Conflating this with the Government of India’s position will not contribute positively to bilateral relations. While the Government of India remains committed to fostering a mutually beneficial relationship, we expect Bangladesh to reciprocate in a similar manner without vitiating the atmosphere.”

This recent development came in the backdrop of India condemning the demolition of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s residence in Dhaka, calling it an act of vandalism that must be strongly denounced.

What happened?

Ahead of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the United States, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh spoke with U.S. Secretary of Defence Pete Hegseth over the phone on February 06, 2025. Singh congratulated Hegseth on his confirmation and further discussed ways to strengthen the India-US bilateral defence partnership. Both leaders agreed on an ambitious operational, intelligence, logistics, and defence-industrial cooperation agenda.

Why it matters to India:

The phone discussion took place less than a week before Prime Minister Modi’s scheduled visit to Washington, where he is set to meet U.S. President Donald Trump. Over the past decade, India and the U.S. have significantly deepened their defence collaboration, launching several initiatives to enhance bilateral ties. The India-US strategic partnership is built on shared values, including a commitment to democracy and a rules-based international order.

India and the U.S. are now actively collaborating on technology development, integration of defence industrial supply chains, enhanced interoperability, logistics and information sharing, and joint military exercises. Both sides also support innovation in defence through government, start-ups, businesses, and academic partnerships. India and the US have also agreed to draft a comprehensive framework for defence cooperation, shaping bilateral collaboration from 2025 to 2035.

What happened?

In a significant step towards strengthening India’s defence capabilities and realising the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) has signed contracts worth ₹10,147 crore with three leading Indian companies: Economic Explosives Ltd (EEL), Munitions India Ltd (MIL), and Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL). The agreements aim to enhance the Indian Army’s firepower by equipping it with advanced rockets for the PINAKA Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS). This marks a major milestone in the modernisation of India’s artillery forces.

Why it matters to India:

This procurement marks a crucial step in the modernisation of India’s Artillery Rocket Regiments, strengthening the nation’s long-range precision strike capabilities. The deal is also expected to generate employment opportunities, particularly within India’s MSME sector, as domestic industries play a central role in defence production. By prioritising indigenous manufacturing, this initiative aligns with India’s vision of self-reliance in defence technology. It also cements the country’s position as a key player in global defence innovation while reinforcing its commitment to national security and technological advancement.

What happened?

The 5th Joint Working Group (JWG) meeting between the Ministry of Defence (MoD) of India and Spain took place in New Delhi on February 6, 2025. The meeting was co-chaired by Amitabh Prasad, Joint Secretary of International Cooperation (India), and Brigadier General Paulino Garcia Diego, Special Advisor on Defence Diplomacy to the Secretary General of Defence Policy (Spain).

Why it matters to India:

During the JWG meeting, both sides reviewed ongoing bilateral defence cooperation initiatives and outlined plans for further collaboration, particularly in the maritime domain. Discussions focused on strengthening ties in technology and armament production. A key highlight of the talks was the C295 Project, a collaboration between Airbus Spain and Tata Advanced Systems Limited. As the first Make-in-India initiative in the defence aircraft sector, this project has encouraged deeper cooperation between Indian and Spanish companies. Both nations are now exploring further opportunities for joint ventures in aerospace and defence manufacturing.

What happened?

On 6 February 2025, India’s National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog organised a high-level conclave titled “Towards Viksit Bharat@2047: Strengthening Economy, National Security, Global Partnerships, and Law” at Sushma Swaraj Bhawan, New Delhi. The event brought together key policymakers, including the Vice Chairman, Members, and CEO of NITI Aayog, alongside distinguished speakers such as the Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India and the Secretary of the Ministry of Defence.

Why it matters to India:

The conclave addressed several crucial areas of India’s development trajectory, offering key insights into economic growth, strategic partnerships, and national security. Regarding economic growth and global competitiveness, the panel highlighted the need for regulatory reforms, infrastructure expansion, and deeper integration into global trade. Experts emphasised the importance of private sector investment in research and development, energy security, and access to critical raw materials as key drivers for sustained growth. Strengthening fiscal policies and fostering innovation were also seen as essential for long-term competitiveness. In the area of strategic partnerships for development, the panel focused on India’s diplomatic role in balancing alliances with both the Global South and North while advocating for trade liberalisation and tariff reduction. India’s leadership in renewable energy and the importance of international cooperation in securing critical minerals were also discussed. Additionally, strengthening digital infrastructure and reforming legal frameworks were identified as vital to attracting global investment and improving the ease of doing business. Lastly, in the panel on supply chain resilience and national defence, experts explored the need for a robust defence supply chain, distinguishing between civilian Just in Time and military Just in Case models. Cybersecurity was recognised as essential to safeguarding supply chain integrity. The panel also discussed how public-private partnerships could enhance defence procurement and logistics management.

What happened?

India’s External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, stated that the Indian government is engaging with the US to ensure that deportees are not mistreated. “It is the obligation of all countries to take back their nationals if found to be living illegally abroad,” he said. Jaishankar also met Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 February 2025 to brief him on the issue.

On 5 February 2025, a US military aircraft landed in Amritsar, carrying 104 deported Indian nationals. These deportations come as part of increased US immigration enforcement efforts, primarily targeting individuals who entered the country illegally or overstayed their visas. They align with U.S. President Donald Trump’s hard stance on the estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants in the US.

Why it matters to India:

The Indian government has consistently maintained that it does not justify or support illegal immigration. Its cooperation with Trump’s deportation policy appears to be a strategic move to strengthen its case for the H-1B visa programme, which India argues benefits both nations. By readily accepting deported individuals, India could be attempting to counter anti-immigrant sentiment in the US while advocating for legal migration pathways for Indian professionals. India has also agreed to take back approximately 18,000 ‘irregular immigrants’ identified for deportation by the US government. This is not the first instance of India repatriating deported nationals from the US. The current India-U.S. deliberations on the issue of illegal migration should, therefore, be viewed within the broader context of India’s migration diplomacy, which prioritises legal migration over irregular and unlawful migration.

What happened?

India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is “seriously considering” enacting a new law, tentatively titled the Overseas Mobility (Facilitation and Welfare) Bill, 2024, which would replace the “outdated provisions” of the Emigration Act of 1983. This was stated in the fourth report of the Parliamentary Committee on External Affairs, presented to the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) on February 3, 2025. The move comes amid controversy surrounding the deportation of over a hundred Indian migrants by the United States, who were returned to India on a C-17 US military aircraft, bound in chains and shackles, after landing in Amritsar yesterday.

Why it matters to India:

The proposed legislation aims to create a robust framework that will ensure safe, orderly, and regular migration for overseas employment. The draft of this bill is currently being consulted with relevant ministries. Emigration is a key area of focus, as the MEA reports that there are currently 15.85 million Indians living abroad, with around 15 million employed in various jobs—both skilled and unskilled. In recent years, the government has prioritised creating mobility agreements to simplify the migration process. India has already signed labour mobility pacts with five countries, including Taiwan. These agreements include nations like Israel, Malaysia, Japan, Portugal, and Mauritius.

Additionally, India has entered into memorandums of understanding on migration and mobility with several countries, including the UK, France, Germany, Australia, Austria, Italy, and Denmark. However, the current legal framework is still based on the Emigration Act of 1983, a law that has now been in place for over 40 years.

What happened?

India’s Ministry of External Affairs, in association with the University Grants Commission (UGC) as the knowledge partner and the League of Arab States (LAS) as the co-organiser, organised the 1st India-Arab Universities’ Presidents’ Conference at Sushma Swaraj Bhawan, New Delhi, from 5th to 6th February 2025. The conference was held under the education vertical of the Executive Program for the implementation of the Memorandum of Cooperation between India and LAS.

Why it matters to India:

The conference served as a platform for universities from India and the Arab world to engage with one another in meaningful ways. It also brought together the collective vision of academicians for the future of higher education. The conference aimed at harnessing the potential of higher education in ways that transcended national borders and laid the groundwork for future collaboration in the field of higher education between India and the Arab world.

Four sessions of the conference were focused on Higher Education and Skill Development Cooperation between India and LAS towards Development and Prosperity; Innovative and New Areas of Academic Cooperation, including Sharing Experiences on New Approaches in Education, such as the Usage of Digital Platforms; Academic Cooperation, including the Current Status and Challenges of Mutual Recognition of Degrees; and Promoting Joint Scientific and Technological Research and Innovation, including AI, Quantum Computing, and Biotechnology.

What happened?

Greek Foreign Affairs Minister George Gerapetritis is on a four-day visit to India from February 05-08, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) will be a key focus during a meeting between Greece’s Foreign Minister and India’s External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar, scheduled for February 6, 2025. Greece holds significant strategic importance for India within the framework of the IMEEC due to its location in Europe, making it a vital gateway to the European market. The country’s seaports, especially Piraeus, are crucial entry points for Indian goods destined for Europe. This geographic advantage facilitates faster and more efficient movement of goods compared to traditional sea routes, potentially reducing transportation costs and transit times. India also considers that Greece could play a key role in facilitating trade negotiations and agreements between India and the European Union.

What happened?

On February 4, 2025, India-UK Consultations on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation were held in New Delhi. The Indian delegation was led by Ms Muanpuii Saiawi, Joint Secretary (Disarmament and International Security Affairs), Ministry of External Affairs, while the UK delegation was led by Mr Stephen Lillie, Director for Defence and International Security at the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.

The two sides discussed developments in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation relating to nuclear, chemical and biological domains, as well as regional non-proliferation issues, outer space security-related matters, conventional weapons, including AI in the military domain and multilateral export control regimes.

Why it matters to India:

The India-UK consultations on disarmament and non-proliferation hold significant importance for India as they build upon the strategic commitments made in April 2022 when both nations reaffirmed their desire to strengthen civil nuclear cooperation. At that time, India and the UK welcomed the UK’s renewed collaboration with the Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP) to jointly promote research and training in nuclear energy studies, radioactive applications, and nuclear security and safety. These consultations provide a platform to advance negotiations on a renewed and strengthened India-UK Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, bolstering India’s nuclear energy capabilities while ensuring adherence to global safety standards. Furthermore, both countries share a vested interest in promoting nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, aligning with their broader goals of global security.

What happened?

India’s finance ministry has asked its employees to avoid using AI tools, including ChatGPT and DeepSeek, for official purposes, citing risks posed to the confidentiality of government documents and data, an internal department advisory showed. “It has been determined that AI tools and AI apps (such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, etc.) in the office computers and devices pose risks for the confidentiality of (government) data and documents,” said the advisory by the Indian Finance Ministry dated January 29, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

Countries like Australia and Italy have placed similar restrictions on using DeepSeek, citing data security risks. Notably, the advisory reports surfaced on social media on February 04, 2025, ahead of a scheduled visit to India by OpenAI chief Sam Altman, who is scheduled to meet India’s IT minister. OpenAI is also facing the heat in India due to a high-profile copyright infringement battle with India’s top media houses. In court filings, the company has argued that since it does not have its servers in the country and Indian courts should not hear the matter.

What happened?

At the invitation of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, the King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, paid a special visit to India to attend the Maha Kumbh Mela from February 03-04, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

According to an official statement by India’s Ministry of External Affairs: “India and Bhutan enjoy unique ties of friendship and cooperation, which are characterised by mutual understanding and trust. The visit of His Majesty, the King of Bhutan, is in keeping with the tradition of regular high-level exchanges between India and Bhutan, an important hallmark of the special partnership.” Beyond the optics, the Bhutanese King’s visit signifies Bhutan’s deep understanding of Indian culture and the spiritual significance of the Maha Kumbh. Last year, the King and Queen of Bhutan visited India in March 2024 and December 2024.

What happened?

According to a report by consultancy firm Wood Mackenzie, India’s natural gas production is expected to peak in 2025, growing by 4.5% before declining at an average rate of 3.6% annually until 2030 due to ageing fields and project delays. After 2030, production could fall even faster—by 9% annually—driven by resource exhaustion and fewer new discoveries. As domestic output shrinks, India’s dependence on imported liquefied natural gas (LNG) will surge, making it the world’s third-largest LNG importer after China and Japan by 2032.

Why it matters to India:

Rising import dependence threatens India’s energy security, exposing the economy to global price fluctuations and supply disruptions, especially amid geopolitical tensions. This could strain the trade balance, increasing the current account deficit. Additionally, costlier LNG imports may impact industries like fertilisers, refining, and city gas distribution, raising operational costs and consumer prices. To mitigate these risks, India must implement effective policy reforms, attract private investments, and fast-track domestic exploration projects, as outlined in the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill introduced in 2024.

What happened?

India has paid United States Dollars (USD) 37.64 million to the United Nations (UN) Regular Budget for 2025, joining the “honour roll” of 35 member states who have paid their regular budget assessments in full and on time to the UN. According to the UN Committee on Contributions, as of 31 January 2025, thirty-five member states have paid their regular budget assessments in full within the 30-day due period specified in the UN financial regulations. India contributed USD 37.64 million to the 2025 UN Regular Budget and paid on 31 January 2025.

Why it matters to India:

 According to the provisions of Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter), every member state is legally obligated to pay their respective share towards peacekeeping. The assessed contributions provide a reliable funding source for core functions of the UN Secretariat via the UN regular and peacekeeping budgets.

Like all UN member states, India contributes to the United Nations budget to support its operations, peacekeeping missions, and various global programmes. These contributions are part of its obligations as a UN member under the UN Charter. The funds help maintain international peace and security, promote sustainable development, protect human rights, and respond to humanitarian crises. India’s timely and full payments reflect its commitment to multilateralism and global governance. As a country that values its role in international affairs, India sees these contributions as essential to strengthening its diplomatic influence, supporting global stability, and reinforcing its image as a responsible global actor.

What happened?

The Deputy National Security Advisers (Deputy NSAs) of the United Kingdom (UK) and India met in London last week to evaluate progress under the UK-India Technology Security Initiative (TSI). They discussed collaboration in Artificial Intelligence (AI), telecommunications, and critical minerals, highlighting the shared commitment to technological innovation.

Why it matters to India:

The India-UK collaboration in cutting-edge technologies, framed under the UK-India Technology Security Initiative (TSI) of July 2024, marks a significant milestone in the growing bilateral relationship between the two countries. The TSI is being coordinated by the National Security Advisers (NSAs) of both countries through existing and new dialogues. The NSAs also set priority areas and identify interdependencies for cooperation on critical and emerging technologies, which will, in turn, help build meaningful technology value chain partnerships between India and the UK. The TSI seeks to address the increasing role of technology in national security and economic development to elevate the strategic partnership between India and the UK. Building on the India-UK Roadmap 2030, the TSI sharpens the focus on critical and emerging technologies (CET) across key sectors, enhancing existing collaborations and establishing new mechanisms for cooperation.

What happened?

India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM), Dr Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, while addressing the second India International Centre (IIC)-Bruegel Annual Seminar in Delhi on 4 February 2025, reiterated India’s position on multilateralism on a global scale, saying different standards have been applied to countries in the East and the West. The minister called out the selective and uneven application of “matters of principle” for different countries and asserted that any global agenda can no longer be set by a handful of powers.

Why it matters to India:

 Speaking at the second IIC-Bruegel Annual Seminar in Delhi, the EAM said, “The world is currently witnessing two major conflicts. These are often presented as matters of principle. We are told that the very future of the world order is at stake. Yet, the record shows how selectively and unevenly these principles have been applied.”

Emphasis on multilateralism, as highlighted by the EAM, reflects India’s ambition to reshape global governance structures to be more inclusive and equitable. This stance matters to India because it seeks to challenge the dominance of a few Western powers in setting international norms, advocating instead for a system that recognises the voices of emerging economies. By calling out the selective application of global principles, India aims to protect its strategic interests, strengthen its global influence, and ensure that international rules are fairer to countries in the Global South.

What happened?

Energy ministers from over 20 nations, including advanced economies, top energy producers, and key countries from the Global South, are set to participate in the upcoming India Energy Week (IEW) 2025 in New Delhi from 11 to 14 February 2025. In addition to ministers, the event will witness the presence of foreign ambassadors, heads of prominent international organisations, and 90 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) or executive board members from some of the world’s largest Fortune 500 energy corporations.

Why it matters to India:

As one of the first major energy events of the year, IEW will set the strategic tone for the sector in 2025, addressing pressing challenges and emerging opportunities. Organised under the patronage of India’s Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and in collaboration with the Federation of Indian Petroleum Industry (FIPI) and dmg events, IEW 2025 aims to foster collaboration and innovation that will shape the future of global energy. The event will host 10 country pavilions featuring nations such as the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), the Russian Federation, Japan, Germany, and the Netherlands. Additionally, eight thematic zones will focus on key sectors such as hydrogen, renewables, biofuels, and petrochemicals, providing a platform for discussing energy transition and sustainable development.

What happened?

Amid President of the United States Donald Trump’s imposition of tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China, the Government of India, in its Union Budget for the Financial Year (FY) 2025–26 presented on 2 February 2025, significantly reduced customs duties on high-end motorcycles, luxury cars, and smartphone components—a move that could benefit American companies like Harley-Davidson, Tesla, and Apple. Additionally, India has reportedly prepared a fact sheet for diplomats from the United States on tariffs for key American products to showcase that import duties on the top 30 items (led by crude petroleum, coking coal, aeroplanes, and liquefied natural gas) from the United States are all below 7.5% as a course correction to ‘correct bad optics.’

Why it matters to India:

Despite cordial ties between the United States and India, President Trump has often grouped India with China as a “tariff abuser” country. Notably, India’s move on tariffs comes on the eve of the likely visit of Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi to the United States in mid-February, which seems to have helped persuade the Trump administration not to impose tariffs on India as it has done with Mexico, Canada, and China. Amid President Trump’s tariff threats, India’s strategic duty cuts aim to boost domestic production while mitigating trade disruptions in an unpredictable global market. For instance, according to Chairman of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, the rationalisation of tariff rates—reducing them from 15 to eight slabs, including the zero rate—should help “correct” the bad “optics” and send a clear signal to the world that “we are not a high-tariff country.”

What happened? 

The Chairman of Russia’s State Duma (lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia), Vyacheslav Volodin, arrived on an official visit to India on 3 February 2025.

Why it matters to India:

The visit of Chairman Vyacheslav Volodin comes against the backdrop of a likely visit by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin for the annual India-Russia Leaders’ Summit later this year. According to the Embassy of the Russian Federation in New Delhi, discussions during the visit will cover issues related to India-Russia cooperation in economic, cultural, educational, and technological spheres and the development of interparliamentary dialogue.

What happened?

The Kingdom of Morocco is seeking direct air connectivity with the Republic of India to support the rise in trade and tourism. While the share of Indian nationals in total arrivals is small, it is growing rapidly. Over 40,000 Indian citizens visited Morocco in 2024, marking a 43% increase compared to 2023. Indian arrivals in the country have risen by 150% compared to 2019.

Why it matters to India:

Morocco has emerged as a key supplier of phosphate-based fertilisers to India in recent years. Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) announced the establishment of a plant in Morocco in September 2024 to produce wheeled armoured platforms. Travel between the two countries is increasing, and discussions on direct flights have gathered momentum. Alongside tourism, Morocco also seeks more Indian investments in defence, information technology (IT), and logistics. It is exploring the export of fruits to India to diversify trade. Bilateral trade between the two countries stood at $2.4 billion in FY 2023–24, with faster growth in Indian exports.

What happened?

The Union Budget of the Republic of India for 2025 was presented on 1 February 2025 by the Minister of Finance, Nirmala Sitharaman. The budgetary allocations for the Ministry of Defence (MoD) were made in line with the Government of India’s vision for ‘Viksit Bharat @ 2047,’ aiming for technologically advanced, self-reliant (‘Aatmanirbhar’) armed forces. The Union Budget has allocated ₹6,81,210.27 crore for FY 2025–26 for the MoD. This allocation is 9.53% higher than the budget estimate for FY 2024–25 and accounts for 13.45% of the Union Budget, the highest among all ministries. Under capital expenditure, ₹48,614 crore has been set aside for aircraft and aero engines, while ₹24,391 crore has been allocated for the naval fleet. An amount of ₹63,099 crore has been earmarked for other equipment.

Why it matters to India:

The defence budget aligns with the Ministry of Defence’s decision to observe FY 2025–26 as the ‘Year of Reforms,’ aiming to modernise India’s armed forces and simplify the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) to ensure the optimum utilisation of funds. A notable aspect of this budget is the enhanced investment in border security and maritime capabilities against growing challenges as neighbouring countries, particularly the People’s Republic of China, continue to advance their military capabilities, including enhancements in air power and naval fleets.

What happened?

During the ongoing Israel-Gaza ceasefire, India has reignited diplomatic efforts to advance the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC). India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar discussed the project during his recent visit to UAE from January 27-29, 2025. 

Why it matters to India:  

The IMEC aims to create a trade route from India, the Middle East, and Europe, enhancing trade and infrastructure. Despite a delay due to the Israel-Gaza conflict, India views IMEC as vital for long-term strategic influence. A successful implementation could bolster India’s role in reshaping regional supply chains, enhancing energy security, and fostering alliances with key partners like the UAE and Saudi Arabia. The conflict in Gaza had stalled IMEC’s progress by disrupting Israel-Arab normalisation efforts critical to the corridor’s northern route, heightening security risks at key ports like Haifa, and diverting diplomatic focus to ceasefire negotiations over infrastructure planning.

What happened?

India’s Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, while presenting the Union Budget on February 01, 2025, announced a bold target of developing 100 gigawatts (GW) of nuclear power capacity by 2047, with a strong emphasis on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), marking a strategic shift towards sustainable and clean energy solutions. 

Why it matters to India:

The 100 GW nuclear power target is part of India’s broader vision to achieve energy security while reducing carbon emissions. The announcement of this major initiative in the Union Budget is designed to foster India’s energy transition efforts and move the country closer to its long-term goal of net-zero emissions by 2070. Introducing SMRs is central to this strategy, as they promise safer, more cost-effective, and scalable nuclear power generation. The government plans to amend the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to accelerate the growth of India’s nuclear power sector. These amendments aim to encourage greater private sector participation, which will be essential for scaling up the nuclear energy infrastructure. 

By setting ambitious goals for nuclear power, the government is signalling its commitment to reducing the nation’s carbon footprint and investing in clean energy solutions. While challenges remain in terms of implementing these plans, the focus on SMRs and the increased private sector involvement are expected to pave the way for a more sustainable, resilient energy system. 

What happened? 

In a post nearly identical to the one made in November, ahead of the 2024 US Presidential elections, President Trump stated, “We are going to require a commitment from these seemingly hostile Countries that they will neither create a new BRICS currency nor back any other currency to replace the mighty U.S. Dollar or, they will face 100% Tariffs…”

Why it matters to India: 

As part of BRICS, India has somewhat backed the promotion of trade in local currencies, and the bloc has discussed ways to reduce reliance on the US dollar for many years. Such efforts were intensified in the wake of US sanctions on Russia in the aftermath of the Ukraine war and have been largely led by Moscow and Beijing. The global debate over the possibility of de-dollarization assumed further significance as BRICS expanded last year to include Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the UAE. 

However, India is largely against a BRICS currency, in part due to its warines that such a move may strenghten China’s already considerable economic dominance within the group. On the other hand, President Trump’s now-repeated threat must also be seen in the context of a possible reconfiguration in India-US trade ties as New Delhi negotiates with a new White House. In the past, Trump has called India a “very big abuser” of trade policies. Meanwhile, India enjoys a trade surplus of $35.3 billion with the US, making it one of it’s most vital economic partnerships. 

What happened? 

Days after a Chinese AI lab took the world by surprise through the launch of a low-cost foundational AI model, DeepSeek, the GoI has decided to build a domestic large-language model (LLM) of its own within a few months as part of the Rs. 10,370 crore IndiaAI mission. The announcement was made by Indian IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, who also called for proposals to “develop our own foundational model” for “the Indian context, languages, culture, and devoid of biases.”

Why it matters to India:

As the global AI race heated up last week, with the US in the lead and China now closer behind, India’s announcement underscores a strategic imperative to make rapid gains in order to secure the country’s techno-economic future. Even as China demonstrated its AI prowess last week, it also revealed that the cost of competition in next-generation technology may be far lower than many previously thought. In turn, this arguably lowers the entry barrier for India to compete in AI technologies with other major powers. 

Towards this end, the GoI has selected ten companies that will supply approximately 18,000 Graphic Processing units (GPUs) to develop an Indian foundational AI model and also announced its intention to launch a common compute facility in the “next few days”, which will enable start-ups and researchers to access advanced services at low-costs (relative to the global average). The same is a boost to the country’s ability to make AI-based innovations and deploy models. 

What happened?

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey 2024-25 in Lok Sabha, within six months from the last one, which was presented in July 2024. As per the same, India’s real GDP is expected to grow 6.5 percent in FY25, which remains relatively stable and close to the decadal average. 

Why It matters to India: 

As India doubles down on its ambition to become a $5 trillion economy over the next few years, the Economic Survey is a key document that annually indicates the state of the country’s macroeconomic health, as well as comprehensive analysis of fiscal trends, monetary policy, external trade, infrastructure developments, socio-economic policies and impact, and so on. 

Among many other highlights, this year’s Survey showcased strength in the country’s agriculture sector, recovery of the industrial sector to above the pre-pandemic trajectory, and the softening of retail inflation from 5.4% to 4.9%. India’s gross FDI inflows also seemed to have somewhat revived, from $47.2 billion in FY 24 (first 8 months) to $55.6 billion in the same period of FY 25. Overall, the Survey argued that “the fundamentals of the domestic economy remain robust, with a strong external account, calibrated fiscal consolidation and stable private consumption,” but highlighted that India’s growth plans will require large investments in infrastructure.

What happened?

Britain Finance Minister Rachel Reeves on 29th January told the reporter that Britain’s business and Trade secretary would visit India to restart the talks on the Free Trade Agreement Between India and the United Kingdom.

Why it Matters to India: 

India and the U.K.  have been in talks for an FTA  since 2022, and several rounds of talks have already been done, but the momentum slowed down after the new government’s election in the U.K. 

A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the UK is crucial for boosting trade, investment, and job creation. The UK is a key trading partner for India, and bilateral trade between them exceeds $20 billion. An FTA would eliminate tariffs, benefiting Indian exports like textiles, pharmaceuticals, IT services, and automobiles. It would also ease regulatory barriers for Indian firms, increasing market access. The UK is a major investor in India, and an FTA would attract more FDI, fostering growth in manufacturing and services.

What happened?

Sam Altman, OpenAI Chief, will visit India on February 5, 2025. This will be his first visit to India after 2023 when he visited PM Shri Narendra Modi to discuss the potential of India’s AI ecosystem. 

Why it Matters to India: 

Big tech giants are battling for territories and users with the AI race heating up. Satya Nadella, CEO of Microsoft and a partner of OpenAI, announced in the first week of January 2025 a 3 billion USD investment in AI Infrastructure in India. Sam’s visit also comes at at time when his company is facing lawsuits from Indian media companies for copyright infringement. 

What Happened?

The United Nations General Assembly President, Mr Philemon Yang, will visit India from February 4 to 8, 2025. He is visiting following the request made by the Indian government.  

Why it Matters to India:

President Yang will be visiting Delhi and Bangalore, and his itinerary includes a call with the President of India, Draupadi Murmu, and discussions with the External Affairs Minister, Dr S. Jaishankar. One of the main objectives of Yang’s visit is to strengthen multilateral cooperation with India on global issues, including international peace and security. He is also set to visit a health facility, the Infosys Campus and the Indian Institute of Science in Bengaluru. Every year, the UN General Assembly President visits India to strengthen ties. Last year,  H.E. Dennis Francis was on his maiden visit to India. 

What happened? 

The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 29th January, approved the launch of the National Critical Mineral Mission with an outlay of Rs. 16,300 crore and additional investments worth 18,000 crore expected from Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). 

Why it Matters to India

The NCMM will institute a ‘whole of government’ approach to reduce India’s major import dependencies (particularly on China) for minerals vital to the country’s green energy transition and manufacturing sector. Importantly, it will enhance policy support to India’s PSUs and private sector across each segment of critical mineral value chains – exploration, extraction, beneficiation, and refinement, as well as recycling minerals to introduce ‘circularity’. Moreover, it will strengthen India’s ability to acquire resources abroad and cooperate with its international partners through frameworks such as the US-led Mineral Security Partnership.

What happened?

India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM), Dr. S. Jaishankar, delivered the keynote address at the inaugural Raisina Dialogue in Abu Dhabi on January 28, 2025, highlighting the growing importance of India-Middle East relations. He emphasised that India considers the Middle East as an extended neighbourhood with which India has fully reconnected.

Why it matters to India:

EAM’s remarks are noteworthy because, in recent years, India’s bilateral relations have deepened significantly, particularly with the Gulf countries. For example, trade between India and the Gulf has reached USD 160 to 180 billion annually, with more than 9 million Indians living and working in the region. Beyond energy, India’s strategic interests encompass infrastructure, defence, technology, fertilisers, and green energy projects, including green hydrogen and submarine cables. Dr. Jaishankar also mentioned that connectivity is central to regional cooperation. Initiatives like the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) are steps toward restoring disrupted natural linkages. Maritime security and humanitarian cooperation are also areas requiring collaborative mechanisms.

What Happened?

As per the State of India’s Digital Economy Report 2024, India’s digital economy will contribute nearly one-fifth of the national income by 2029-30, surpassing agriculture and manufacturing in less than six years. With an 11.74% share in GDP in 2022-23 (INR 31.64 lakh crore or USD 402 billion), the digital economy has emerged as a key driver of economic growth.

Why it matters to India?

As per the report, India is now the third-largest digitalised country globally in terms of economy-wide digitalisation and ranks 12th among G20 countries for individual user digitalisation. Key growth drivers include artificial intelligence (AI) adoption, cloud services, and the rise of global capability centres (GCCs), with India hosting 55% of the world’s GCCs. These centres, established by multinational corporations, provide research and development (R&D) services, IT support, and business process management. In 2022-23, the digital economy employed 14.67 million people, with 58.07% of these jobs in digital-enabling industries.

What happened?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully completed its 100th launch from the Sriharikota spaceport with the lift-off of a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) carrying the NVS-02 satellite on January 29, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

The GSLV-F15 flight is the 17th mission of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and the 11th successful mission using an indigenous cryogenic stage. This flight also marks the 8th operational flight of GSLV, featuring the indigenous cryogenic stage.
The NVS-02 satellite is a crucial addition to India’s Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) system, a regional navigation satellite system designed to provide precise Position, Velocity, and Timing (PVT) services to users in India and regions up to 1,500 km beyond its borders. This launch updates India’s Regional Navigation Satellite System from four to five satellites, enhancing service reliability and performance.

What happened?

The Government of India’s Department of Consumer Affairs has introduced the Draft Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2025, to standardise timekeeping across India. Developed in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the rules require all sectors to adopt Indian Standard Time (IST) with millisecond accuracy, impacting industries such as telecommunications, banking, and navigation. 

Why it matters to India:

The proposed rules are expected to offer numerous benefits, including enhanced precision and uniformity in time synchronisation across banking, telecommunications, transportation, and manufacturing sectors. This will lead to improved operational efficiency and better technological integration and will enhance global competitiveness. 

Additionally, the adoption of IST will strengthen national security by improving the synchronisation of critical infrastructure and supporting real-time applications across sectors.
In the realm of digital governance, these rules will facilitate the reliable synchronisation of digital devices, navigation systems, and public services. It will also play an important role in ensuring accurate financial transactions and consistency in record-keeping and documentation.
With the new rules, India can benefit from greater precision in critical sectors such as navigation, telecommunications, internet services, banking, power grid synchronisation, 5G technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT).

What happened?

UN Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations Jean-Pierre Lacroix expressed gratitude to India and other nations contributing troops to the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) following the deaths of three peacekeepers last week. Countries like South Africa, Malawi, and Uruguay reported that on January 25, 2025, soldiers from their armies were killed while attempting to halt the advance of M23 rebel fighters in eastern DRC.

Why it matters to India:

India has been a key contributor to the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), deploying 1,114 troops and 160 police personnel. Indian peacekeepers have played a vital role in maintaining stability, protecting civilians, and supporting regional humanitarian efforts. With 21 personnel lost since the mission’s inception in 2010, ensuring their safety remains a top priority for India. The recent deaths and the capture of Goma, a major eastern city of DRC, by M23 rebels underscore the ongoing instability, highlighting the urgent need for stronger international cooperation and more effective peacekeeping strategies.

What happened?

India and China have agreed in principle to resume direct flights between the two nations, nearly five years after the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent political-military tensions. The announcement on January 27, 2025, came at the conclusion of a visit to Beijing by India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri.

Why it matters to India:

Mr Misri’s trip to Beijing was to follow up on a series of “people-centric steps to stabilise and rebuild ties,” according to India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). A statement from MEA confirmed that the visit yielded an agreement “in principle to resume direct air services between the two countries.” The rapprochement also included agreements on improving access for journalists from both sides and facilitating Indian pilgrimage to Kailash Mansarovar in Tibet.

What happened?

On January 27, 2025, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke with U.S. President Donald J. Trump and congratulated him on his historic second term as the 47th President of the United States. This was the first phone call between the two leaders since President Trump’s inauguration on January 20, 2025. 

Why it matters:

According to a statement from India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), the two leaders reaffirmed their commitment to a mutually beneficial and trusted partnership. They discussed various aspects of the wide-ranging bilateral comprehensive global strategic partnership and measures to advance it, including technology, trade, investment, energy, and defence. The two leaders also exchanged views on global issues, including the situation in West Asia and Ukraine, and reiterated their commitment to work together to promote global peace, prosperity, and security. Notably, the White House’s official statement also mentioned plans for Prime Minister Modi to visit the White House.

What happened?

India’s Union Minister of Commerce and Industry, Piyush Goyal, began his official visit to Oman to attend the 11th Joint Commission Meeting (JCM) with his Omani counterpart from January 27–28, 2025. The discussions primarily will be focused on advancing negotiations for the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), strengthening bilateral trade and investment ties, and identifying new avenues for collaboration.

Why it matters to India:

The visit highlights India’s commitment to enhancing its trade and investment ties with Oman, an important partner within the Gulf Cooperation Council. Bilateral trade between the two nations reached $8.94 billion in 2023-24, reflecting the depth of their economic relationship.
The CEPA negotiations, which are at an advanced stage, are expected to gain further traction during the visit. Both sides aim for a balanced, commercially significant, mutually beneficial agreement reflecting their shared economic priorities.

What happened?

India’s Foreign Secretary (FS) Vikram Misri, during his ongoing official visit to China, held discussions with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Beijing on 27 January 2025. The Chinese readout of the Misri-Yi meeting stated that both sides discussed the meeting between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping in Kazan last December 2024. The discussions also focused on restarting practical cooperation, the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties, and India’s extended support for China’s Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Presidency.

Why it matters to India

The ongoing visit of India’s FS comes just over a month after India’s National Security Advisor (NSA) Ajit Doval met Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Beijing on 18 December 2024, in the backdrop of a border patrolling arrangement announced on 21 October 2025. The meeting marks a continuation of discussions between India and China to address political, economic, and people-to-people aspects of their relationship. According to India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) statement, this resumption of dialogue between the two sides aligns with agreements at the leadership level to explore the next steps in bilateral relations.

What happened?

The United States has announced the suspension of all foreign aid (putting a hold on such aid for 90 days) and ordered a review of American financial assistance to other countries to ensure it is efficient and consistent with its foreign policy under the America First agenda. The U.S. State Department has issued a halt to nearly all existing foreign assistance and paused new aid, according to an internal memo sent to officials and US embassies abroad. It makes exceptions only for emergency food aid and military funding for Israel and Egypt.

Why it matters to India

In the backdrop of U.S. President Donald Trump signing an executive order on his first day in office that no further foreign assistance will be disbursed in a manner that is not fully aligned with foreign policy, the U.S. mission in India has reported that it started a “review” to ensure their existing grants comply with executive orders. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) partners with India to address critical development challenges through the US government’s Feed the Future, Global Health, and Global Climate Change initiatives. The announcement is likely to impact programmes on the environment, health, and other such initiatives run by the US embassy and the USAID in India for decades.

What happened?

India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM) Dr S. Jaishankar will pay an official visit to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) from 27–29 January 2025.

Why it matters to India

During this upcoming visit, the EAM will meet the leadership of the UAE to review the close partnership between the two countries and explore avenues to further enhance the bilateral relationship. The EAM will also deliver the keynote address at the inaugural session of Raisina Middle East to be held in Abu Dhabi. The visit will provide an opportunity to advance the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the two countries and add new momentum to the India-UAE relationship.

What happened?

The Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto paid a state visit to India from 23–26 January 2025. He also attended the celebrations of India’s 76th Republic Day as the Chief Guest. The visit yielded significant outcomes aimed at strengthening bilateral ties across diverse sectors. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi described Indonesia an “important partner” for India in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Indo-Pacific.

Why it matters to India

In a special briefing by India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) on 25 January 2025, Secretary (East) outlined key outcomes of the State visit. For instance, both sides signed important Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) in critical areas such as health cooperation, maritime safety, traditional medicine, and digital development. 

Further, the emphasis on defence collaboration, particularly joint exercises and potential defence manufacturing, highlighted Indonesia’s interest in leveraging India’s expertise in maintenance and shipbuilding. Indonesia also announced the opening of its infrastructure sector to Indian investments and encouraged collaboration in ports, railways, and airports.

Among other areas, education and healthcare emerged as priority sectors, with plans for Indonesian students and doctors to train in India and for Indian institutions to explore opportunities in Indonesia. Overall, the Indonesian President’s visit not only reaffirmed India’s Act East policy but also positioned the two nations as critical partners in the region’s geopolitical and economic framework.

What happened?

India’s Foreign Secretary, Shri Vikram Misri, will be visiting Beijing on 26-27 January 2025 for a meeting of the Foreign Secretary-Vice Minister mechanism between India and China.

Why it matters to India:

The announcement of the visit comes just over a month after India’s National Security Advisor Ajit Doval met Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Beijing on December 18, 2024, in the backdrop of a border patrolling arrangement that was announced on October 21, 2025, followed by a meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping on the sidelines of the BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia on October 23, 2025.

The meeting marks a continuation of discussions between India and China to address political, economic, and people-to-people aspects of their relationship. According to India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) statement, this resumption of dialogue between the two sides aligns with agreements at the leadership level to explore the next steps in bilateral relations.

What happened?

Indonesia’s President Prabowo Subianto landed in India on January 23, 2025, for his official visit as Chief Guest for India’s 2025 Republic Day Parade. This is the fourth time an Indonesian President will be the chief guest on India’s Republic Day after 2018, 2011, and 1950.

Why it matters to India:

The Indonesian President’s visit to India is symbolic of the growing strategic partnership between the two countries. In his meetings with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, expected on January 25, the agenda will focus on food, energy and health security, alongside defence deals, including Brahmos, for which Indonesia is keen to have the transfer of technology.

What happened?

In a major step toward modernising the Indian Army’s surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities, India’s Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated the Battlefield Surveillance System (BSS) in New Delhi on January 24, 2025.

Why its matters to India:

According to a press release from the Ministry of Defence—the system will significantly improve battlefield transparency, giving the Army’s Command and Headquarters an accurate, real-time view to support decision-making through a centralised web application. The system will act as a crucial force multiplier in Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) operations, enhancing the Army’s ability to operate in conventional and sub-conventional operations within a network-centric environment. The system’s launch signifies a major step toward data-driven and network-centric warfare for Indian armed forces.

What happened?

According to a World Economic Forum (WEF) report, India stands at the forefront as one of the world’s fastest-growing economies and a global hub for startups and digital innovation. The Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR) India, a part of the WEF, released its six-year impact journey report at the WEF Annual Meeting on January 20, 2025.

Why it matters to India

The WEF report highlights India’s growing leadership in leveraging emerging technologies for societal transformation. It showcases how C4IR India has driven impactful AI, agriculture, healthcare, and urban development initiatives, directly improving the lives of over 1.25 million citizens. By outlining ambitious future goals, such as scaling these technologies to reach 10 million citizens and advancing climate, space, and aerial mobility solutions, the report underscores India’s role as a global hub for innovation.

What happened?

 In an important step towards sustainability, the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) is set to commission its green hydrogen plant in Panipat, Haryana, within the next two years. This was revealed by IOC’s Chairman Arvinder Singh Sahney at the World Economic Forum 2025 in Davos, Switzerland.

Why it matters to India

The plant, when commissioned, will have a production capacity of 10,000 tons per annum. The plant aims to bolster India’s green energy mission, contributing to a sustainable and carbon-neutral future.

What happened? 

The Ministry is organising the inaugural edition of “Technology Dialogue” from 24-25 January 2025 in Bengaluru, in collaboration with the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) to the Government of India and the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru.

Why it matters to India

The event will be the first of its kind. Track 1.5 Dialogue will be organised, focusing on technology policy and partnerships. The theme of the inaugural edition of the Dialogue is “Exploring New Frontiers in Technology Diplomacy”. Over the course of the Dialogue, senior policymakers, industry leaders, scientists and scholars will deliberate on key issues relating to the technology domain, including India’s international technology engagements, leveraging strategic partnerships on critical and emerging technologies, with a focus on developments in Quantum Advancements, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Semiconductors, Space and Bioeconomy.

What happened? 

Addressing a press conference on January 22, 2025, in Washington D.C., India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM), S. Jaishankar, clarified India’s stance on its citizens residing ‘illegally’ abroad. He stated that India is prepared to facilitate the fair and lawful return of its citizens living unlawfully in the United States or other countries. This statement comes in the context of EAM’s first bilateral meeting with the new U.S. Secretary of State, Marco Rubio, on January 21, 2025, wherein the U.S. side flagged the issue of ‘irregular migration’ from India.

Why it matters to India

Having high stakes in promoting the ‘legal’ mobility of Indian talent and skill-based global workforce, EAM S. Jaishankar’s comments appear to signal the U.S. about India’s willingness to address the issue of illegal mobility and illegal migration. He insisted that India has always been open to the legitimate return of undocumented Indians, noting that New Delhi is still in the process of verifying those from the US who can be deported to India.

What happened?

Quad foreign ministers from the U.S., India, Japan, and Australia met on January 22, 2025. The group reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening a free and open Indo-Pacific through a joint statement.

Why it matters to India

This maiden Quad foreign ministers’ meeting in 2025 marked the first significant foreign policy event of the newly inaugurated Trump administration and the new U.S. Secretary of State, Marco Rubio. During the meeting, Quad ministers agreed to New Delhi’s plan to host the summit this year, with planned visits by Quad leaders to India. Through a joint statement, the Quad reiterated their shared commitment to fostering a free and open Indo-Pacific where “sovereignty and territorial integrity are upheld and defended” and cautioned against “any unilateral actions that seek to change the status quo by force.”

What happened?

Newly appointed U.S. Secretary of State (SoS) Marco Rubio met India’s External Affairs Minister (EAM) S. Jaishankar for their first bilateral meeting on January 21, 2025. Both sides reviewed the extensive bilateral partnership and reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening U.S.-India ties.

Why it matters to India

The decision of the U.S. Secretary of State to choose his Indian counterpart for his first bilateral meeting underscores the importance of the new Trump administration’s focus on strengthening relations with India. The discussions centred on critical and emerging technologies, defence cooperation, energy, and advancing a free and open Indo-Pacific region. Notably, the official U.S. readout of the meeting highlighted the Trump administration’s desire to work with India to advance economic ties and address concerns related to irregular migration.

What happened?

Bangladesh’s interim government’s Advisor for Foreign Affairs, Md Touhid Hossain, is visiting China from January 20 to 24, 2025. During his visit, Hossain has held discussions with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. The discussions primarily focused on the issue of Chinese debt owed by Bangladesh.

Why it matters to India

Amid the political crisis in Bangladesh since August 2024, China has intensified its diplomatic activities in the country. For instance, Chinese representatives have held meetings with student leaders and political party representatives who played a key role in toppling Sheikh Hasina’s government. Notably, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 73% of Bangladesh’s military imports between 2010 to 2020 came from China. Bangladesh also owes over $6 billion in debt to China. Therefore, Advisor Touhid Hossain’s decision to choose China for his first bilateral visit, reaffirming Bangladesh’s commitment to China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and China’s decision to extend Bangladesh’s loan repayment period appear to signal the growing influence of China in the neighbourhood, which is a concern for India.

What happened?

India’s Minister of State (MoS) for External Affairs, Pabitra Margherita, completed his visit to the Philippines, the Republic of Palau, and the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) from January 14 to 21, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

These visits by India’s MoS highlights India’s efforts to strengthen its Act East Policy and broaden its vision for the Indo-Pacific region. In a statement issued on January 22, 2025, India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) outlined the key outcomes of the visit. For instance, during MoS visit to the Philippines, the discussions were held with key leaders marking the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations. In Palau, the MoS attended the presidential inauguration, discussed bilateral cooperation, and gifted water tanks for harvesting rainwater to support local development. In FSM, MoS held extensive talks with leaders to enhance bilateral ties and development cooperation. The MoS also had a short stopover in Guam, a U.S. territory, where he interacted with the local Indian community.

What happened?

The 7th India-France Maritime Cooperation Dialogue was held in New Delhi on 14 January 2025. It was co-chaired by Pavan Kapoor, Deputy National Security Advisor, and Alice Rufo, Director General for International Relations and Strategy, Ministry for the Armed Forces, France. The discussions primarily focused on enhancing bilateral cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

Why it matters to India

The 7th India-France Maritime Cooperation Dialogue is significant for India as it reinforced the strategic partnership between India and France in the IOR, underscoring India’s commitment to regional stability and sustainable ocean governance. Notably, both India and France share a vision for a free and open Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Both sides agreed to develop a joint assessment of the threats to maritime security in the region and agreed to work jointly towards countering illicit maritime activities–including piracy and armed robbery, maritime terrorism, contraband smuggling, illegal unreported and unregulated fishing along with tackling hybrid as well as cyber security threats and marine pollution.

What happened?

India and France held foreign office consultations in Paris on 20th January 2025. The meeting was co-chaired by the Foreign Secretary of India, Vikram Misri and the Secretary-General of the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs, Anne-Marie Descôtes. During the meeting, both sides reviewed their past cooperation efforts and discussed the roadmap for India-France Horizon 2047.

Why it Matters to India

Horizon 2047 is a strategic roadmap launched by India and France in July 2023 to deepen their bilateral partnership over the next 25 years, culminating in 2047, which marks 100 years of India’s independence. The discussions focused upon—artificial intelligence, civil nuclear energy, cultural ties,  institutional dialogue mechanisms, among others. Both sides have reached an agreement to expand the partnership in high-end technology sectors. There were also discussions on climate change, the environment, and health.

What happened?
 

U.S. President Donald Trump once again threatened BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) with high tariffs if the group tried to replace the usage of the dollar in global trade.

Why it Matters to India

Globally, countries have been making efforts to reduce their dependence on the U.S.-led financial system. There have been deliberations within BRICS for conducting trade transactions in the regional currencies. For instance, in 2022, during the Ukraine-Russia war, the Reserve Bank of India permitted the usage of Indian rupees as currency in payments of international trade.

 What happened?

The new U.S. President, Donald Trump, signed his first set of executive orders on his first day in office after taking oath on January 20, 2025. Some of the noteworthy executive orders include the withdrawal of the USA from the Paris Agreement, the World Health Organisation (WHO), and the restriction of birthright citizenship.

 Why it Matters to India

Donald Trump’s executive orders could have significant implications for India across various domains. His decision to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement will weaken global climate finance and support mechanisms, which are crucial for India’s clean energy transitions and climate resilience efforts. In the realm of global health, Trump’s move to withdraw U.S. funding from the World Health Organization (WHO) disrupted international health initiatives, indirectly affecting India’s ability to combat pandemics, access vaccines, and benefit from coordinated global health strategies. Additionally, his executive orders restricting birthright citizenship in the U.S. created legal uncertainties for Indian migrants, particularly those with children born in America, potentially reducing the opportunities for Indians to secure U.S. citizenship through family ties.

What happened?

In January 2025, India was nominated to the United Nations Statistical Council and the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data Science for official statistics (UN-CEBD). India will help formulate global practices to use data science in official statistics.

Why it Matters to India

India’s membership in the UN Statistical Council and nomination to the UN-CEBD bolster its global statistical reputation, enabling it to influence global norms on big data. It highlights India’s advancements in AI, satellite imagery, and alternate data for policymaking while reflecting domestic reforms to standardize and modernize statistical systems. In the election held in April 2023 by the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), India got 46 votes out of 53 for the membership of the United Nations Statistical Council.

What happened?

Soon after President-elect Donald Trump’s inauguration on 20 January 2025, the foreign ministers of Australia, India, and Japan will gather in Washington D.C. for an important diplomatic meeting with the U.S. Secretary of State-designate, Marco Rubio.

Why it matters to India

Scheduled for 21 January 2025, this meeting marks the first major diplomatic event of the Trump presidency. It is expected to underscore the Quad’s commitment to maintaining a stable, secure, and prosperous Indo-Pacific region. The meeting will also provide an opportunity to address concerns about a potential shift in U.S. foreign policy under the second Trump administration.

What happened?

The 5th meeting of the India-Italy Joint Working Group (JWG) on Counter Terrorism and Organised Crime was held on 16-17 January 2025 in Rome, Italy. The meeting was co-chaired by Mr. K.D. Dewal, Joint Secretary for Counter-Terrorism in the Ministry of External Affairs, and Mr Alessandro Azzoni, Senior Deputy Director for Political Affairs and Director for Security at the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Why it matters to India

This meeting is significant for enhancing bilateral cooperation in tackling terrorism and organised crime. Discussions on emerging threats, misuse of technology, and capacity building reflect India’s strategic focus on international collaboration. Strengthening ties with Italy and reaffirming commitments in multilateral forums like the United Nations (UN) and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) bolsters India’s global counterterrorism efforts and its role in ensuring regional and international security.

What happened?

India’s Commerce and Industry Minister, Piyush Goyal, met with Maroš Šefčovič, European Commissioner for Trade and Economic Security, for a High-Level Dialogue from 18-19 January 2025 in Brussels. Minister Goyal outlined six principles to strengthen the India-EU partnership: focusing on shared values, equitable trade, harmonised standards, resilient supply chains, sustainable development, and leveraging India’s technological potential.

Why it matters to India

The visit of India’s Commerce and Industry Minister to the EU is significant in the context of ongoing India-EU FTA negotiations. Both sides emphasised creating a robust Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and addressing pending trade issues. They directed their negotiating teams to expedite consultations and review progress under the India-EU Trade and Technology Council. Bilateral trade between India and the EU accounted for over USD 180 billion in 2023-24, and the EU remains a major source of Foreign Direct Investment into India, contributing USD 117.34 billion.

What happened?

India and the US signed an MoU to enhance cooperation in cybercrime investigations on 17 January 2025 in Washington, DC. The MoU was signed by Ambassador of India to the United States, Shri Vinay Kwatra and Ms. Kristie Canegallo, the Acting United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security (DHS).

Why it matters to India

The MoU would allow the respective agencies of the two countries to step up the level of cooperation and training with respect to the use of cyber threat intelligence and digital forensics in criminal investigations.

What happened?

In a significant decision, India’s Union cabinet approved the plan to establish the Third Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

Why it matters to India

This proposed third launch pad (TLP) will greatly enhance India’s national capacity to undertake human spaceflight & space exploration missions. The launchpad is to be established within 4 years.

What happened?

On January 17, 2025, Russia and Iran signed a twenty-year strategic partnership treaty in Moscow. According to Iranian and Russian officials, this newly signed “comprehensive strategic partnership treaty” covers areas ranging from trade and military cooperation to science, culture, and education.

Why it matters to India?

India shares cordial and friendly relations with Russia and Iran bilaterally and under the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) multilateral framework. Notably, India also has a stake in the North-South Transport Corridor (NSTC), which Russia and Iran are now actively collaborating to complete as part of a newly signed strategic partnership treaty. The ambitious 7,200-km-long trade corridor seeks to link Russia’s Baltic Sea coast to India’s western ports in the Arabian Sea through Azerbaijan and Iran. Iran and Russia are critical regional partners for India.

What happened?

Delivering his 1st significant foreign policy lecture for the new year 2025, External affairs minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar delivered the 19th Nani A. Palkivala Memorial Lecture in Mumbai on January 18, 2025.

Why it matters to India

In his lecture, Dr. S. Jaishankar spoke in length about the wide expanse of areas covered in the ambit of Indian foreign policy and underlined India’s diplomatic approach in the last decade. EAM argued that “India’s approach can be summed up in terms… mutual respect, mutual sensitivity, and mutual interest.” Deliberating further on India’s image in the world, EAM stated that the “[g]rowing on the tradition of openness, we see our position as that of the Vishwabandhu, a reliable partner and a dependable friend. Our endeavour is to maximise friendships and minimise problems”. EAM suggested that this is done by taking India’s interests into consideration.

What happened?

India’s Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), the country’s state-owned nuclear power operator, has issued a request for proposals (RFP) inviting Indian industries to finance and construct a fleet of 220 MW Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs). These reactors are intended for both captive use and power sales in accordance with government regulations. This initiative aligns with India’s goal of achieving zero carbon emissions by 2070, contributing to reducing the nation’s carbon footprint.

Why it matters to India

The release of the RFP follows a statement by Minister of State Jitendra Singh on December 4, 2024, which outlined the government’s vision for Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs).

Additionally, India’s Union Budget of July 2024 had announced plans to open the nuclear sector to private investment, specifically for the development of BSRs. This move marks a significant step in India’s strategy to involve private enterprises in the nuclear sector. It also sends a positive message to India’s international partners, including the U.S., showcasing its commitment to modernising its energy infrastructure and fostering international collaboration.

What happened?

On January 15, 2025, India and the Czech Republic held their 8th round of Foreign Office Consultations (FOC) in New Delhi. The meeting was co-chaired by Shri M. Anand Prakash, Joint Secretary (Central Europe) at India’s Ministry of External Affairs, and Ms. Katerina Sequensova, Director General of the Non-European Countries, Economic and Development Cooperation Section at the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Why it matters to India

Last year, in January 2024, India and the Czech Republic agreed to elevate their relationship in innovative sectors to a Strategic Partnership on Innovation. Both sides conducted a comprehensive review of bilateral, regional, and international issues during the FOC talks. The discussions focused on progress in political relations, including exchanging high-level visits, trade and investment, cooperation in science and technology, defence partnerships, and people-to-people contacts, particularly through student mobility between the two countries.

What happened?

As part of key reforms in India’s civil aviation sector, the Union Cabinet approved the Protection and Enforcement of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2024, on January 17, 2025. This bill aims to lower leasing and financing costs for Indian carriers, which is expected to reduce airfares. Currently, the majority of commercial aircraft in India are leased. The bill will now be presented to Parliament for approval.

Why it matters to India:

Once enacted, the bill will ratify the Cape Town Convention, a global treaty that secures the rights of lessors to repossess high-value equipment, such as aircraft, helicopters, and engines, in the event of payment defaults. Although India is a signatory to the convention, it has not yet been ratified by Parliament. This legislation will enable the Indian government to establish rules for implementing the convention and its protocols, boosting lessor confidence in the Indian civil aviation sector. Consequently, this is expected to lower lending costs and positively impact airfares.

What happened?

Singapore President Tharman Shanmugaratnam is visiting the Indian coastal state of Odisha as part of his ongoing visit to India from January 17-18, 2025. At least eight Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) will be signed during this visit, focusing on skill development, industrial infrastructure, and sustainable energy.

Why it matters to India

Singapore has previously partnered with Indian states such as Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka. The current focus on Odisha represents Singapore’s effort to broaden its partnerships in India, particularly in the semiconductor sector. For instance, an MoU will be signed with Odisha to extend cooperation in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), aiming to enhance the skill development ecosystem for the semiconductor industry in the state.

What happened?

India expressed its support for the recently announced ceasefire and hostage release agreement between Israel and Hamas that will come into effect from January 19, 2025.

Why it matters to India

Issuing a statement on January 16, 2025, India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), while welcoming “the announcement of the agreement for the release of hostages and a ceasefire in Gaza,” reiterated India’s long-standing position of calling for the release of all hostages, a ceasefire, and a return to diplomacy and dialogue. The Israel-Hamas ceasefire is crucial for India’s interests in the Middle East, such as the safety and well-being of its diaspora, and most notably for its plans to push for the Middle East Europe corridor.

What happened?

India and Bangladesh will hold a four-day Director General (DG)-level meeting with discussions on border fencing and infiltration to be among top agenda. The 55th edition of these bi-annual talks will take place between February 16-19, led by India’s Border Security Force (BSF) DG and Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB) chief. This will be the first such meeting since the ouster of Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on August 05, 2024.

Why it matters to India

This twice postponed meeting is taking place in the backdrop of ongoing border tensions between the two sides on the construction of fences along the international border, which resulted in both sides summoning each other’s High Commissioners recently. While Bangladesh has expressed “deep concern” about India’s fence construction along the border, India, on the other hand, insisted that it is following all the protocols and agreements regarding “security measures at the border.”

What happened?

India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), in a statement on January 16, 2025, announced that “[a]t the invitation of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, President of the Republic of Indonesia H.E Prabowo Subianto will pay a State Visit to India during 25-26 January 2025. President Prabowo will also be the Chief Guest for India’s 76th Republic Day celebrations.”

Why it matters to India

A comprehensive strategic partner, Indonesia is an important pillar in India’s Act East Policy and its vision for the Indo-Pacific. Notably, Indonesia formally joined the BRICS, an intergovernmental organisation, on January 6, 2025. Indonesia has also formally expressed interest in acquiring the BrahMos missile system from India in the backdrop of China’s assertive actions in the South China Sea. The $450 million deal will be discussed during Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto’s visit to India.

What happened?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced the successful completion of the docking of the SpaceX satellites on January 16, 2025.

Why it matters to India

The docking procedure was postponed several times due to technical issues, but now, with the successful docking of satellites, India has become the fourth country after the US, Russia, and China to accomplish the feat. The success of SpaceX is vital for India’s space ambitions and also opens new frontiers for the Indian military’s space-based programmes. It is pertinent to note that docking technology enables larger space structures, satellite refuelling, long-term maintenance, and sustainable exploration. It also supports sample return missions and reduces space debris, making space operations safer and more efficient.

What happened?

The United States Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) on January 15, 2025, removed three prominent Indian government-run entities—Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Indira Gandhi Atomic Research Centre (IGCAR), and Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL)—from the Entity List, paving the way for advanced energy cooperation between the U.S. and India. Notably, following India’s nuclear tests in 1998, the U.S. had imposed an embargo on Indian atomic energy companies.

Why it mattered to India

The decision comes in the backdrop of the January 06, 2025 visit of U.S. National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan to India, wherein he had announced that the U.S. was finalising the necessary steps for the removal of regulations that had prevented civil nuclear cooperation between India’s leading nuclear entities and U.S. companies. The move marks a significant step in operationalising the 2008 nuclear deal, strengthening US-India relations and expanding joint efforts in nuclear and space technologies.

What happened?

On January 13, 2025, India and Oman held a two-day fifth round of talks for a proposed free trade agreement (FTA). The first round of formal negotiations for the agreement, officially dubbed the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), were held in November 2023. Despite progress, the earlier negotiations hit a roadblock amid differences over market access for petrochemical products.

Why it matters to India

A comprehensive trade deal with Oman is a part of India’s keenness to improve its relations with West Asian nations. Oman is part of the six-member Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and bilateral trade between India and Oman has reached $8.9 billion in the financial year 2023-24. Among the GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE), India already has a trade agreement with the UAE, which was signed in February 2022.

What happened?

India’s Commerce and Industry Minister, Piyush Goyal, has emphasised India’s potential to become a global hub for data centres. Speaking at the Thuglak 55th-year anniversary program in Chennai on January 14, 2025, the Minister highlighted Government of India’s efforts to enhance country’s infrastructure and boosting investments in the technology sector.

Why it matters to India

Minister Piyush Goyal’s remarks underline India’s progress in strengthening its energy infrastructure. For instance, the Minister highlighted that India’s interconnected power grid, established within three years by the Union Government, has eliminated cost differences between northern and southern regions. He further noted that India’s ability to provide green and reliable energy solutions has drawn global attention, creating opportunities in areas such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, and technology-driven businesses.

What happened?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated three frontline naval combatants to the nation upon their commissioning on January 15, 2025. These naval combatants –Nilgiri, the lead ship of the Project 17A stealth frigate class; Surat, the fourth and final ship of the Project 15B stealth destroyer class; and Vaghsheer, the sixth and final submarine of the Scorpene-class project, were commissioned at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai.

Why it matters to India

All three platforms have been designed and constructed entirely at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, a testament to India’s growing self-reliance in the critical domain of defence production. A statement from the prime minister’s office stated that the commissioning of the three major naval combatants marks a significant leap in realising India’s vision of becoming a global leader in defence manufacturing and maritime security.

What happened?

A top Bangladeshi military official—Lieutenant General Kamarul Hassan, Principal Staff Officer (PSO) of the Armed Forces Division of Bangladesh, is on a rare visit to Pakistan and held meetings with senior Pakistan military leadership at the General Headquarters in (GHQ) in Rawalpindi on January 14, 2025. As per Pakistan’s Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), the discussions focused on matters of “mutual strategic interest” wherein both sides explored avenues for enhancing bilateral defence cooperation.

Why it matters to India

This latest visit underscores an ongoing shift in bilateral ties between Bangladesh and Pakistan since former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina stepped down. Noteworthy, this visit by a top Bangladeshi military official to Pakistan took place in the backdrop of India’s deteriorating ties

with Bangladesh, with most recently both sides summoning each other’s top envoys. Under Mohammad Yunus’ leadership, Bangladesh’s interim government has undertaken a number of steps to strengthen ties with Pakistan, which are perceived as detrimental to India’s security concerns.

What happened?

On January 14, 2025, India ‘strongly’ raised the matter with Russia of the killing of Indian national Binil Babu, a native of Kerala’s Thrissur, who was killed due to a drone attack while fighting on Russia-Ukraine war frontlines.

Why it mattered to India

This incident underscores the ongoing issue of Indian nationals being recruited into Russia’s armed forces—many of whom were allegedly duped by fake recruiters. Back in October 2024, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri had stated that 85 Indians had been discharged from the Russian military and efforts were on the secure the release of 20 more. Since then, India has been pressing Russia for an early discharge of all the remaining Indian nationals in the Russian armed forces.

What happened?

On January 14, 2025, Russia’s foreign minister Sergei Lavrov called for the inclusion of India in the Quad grouping on Afghanistan, which currently has China, Pakistan, Iran and Russia as members. This four-country Quad group is focused towards stabilising and aiding Afghanistan.

Why it matters to India

The last time, the Afghan Quad countries met at the foreign ministers’ level back in November 2024 on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly. The Russian foreign minister’s comments are significant at a time when India has increased its engagement with the Taliban government in Kabul. On January 8, 2025, Indian foreign secretary Vikram Misri and Acting Foreign Minister of Afghanistan Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi met in Dubai and discussed Chabahar port and Indian humanitarian assistance, among other issues.

What happened?

In the run-up to Army Day on January 15, 2025, Reliance JIO (private sector telecom giant), in partnership with the Indian Army’s Fire and Fury Corps, announced the successful installation of a 5G base station at Siachen glacier.

Why it matters to India

The move will enable high-speed internet connectivity for Indian soldiers posted at 16,000 feet in the Karakoram range. The area, which is often referred to as the world’s highest battleground, is characterised by extreme weather conditions, with temperatures plummeting to as much as -50 degrees Celsius. This development underscores the Indian army’s use of new technological advancements in partnership with the private sector to secure India’s defences in border regions.

What happened?

India dispatched a second tranche of consignment on January 13, 2025, to the southern African nation of Lesotho. The assistance comprises 1000 metric tonnes of sorghum (jowar) to help tackle Lesotho’s food shortage crisis as a result of El Niño-induced drought.

Why it matters to India

The food grain assistance underscores India’s commitment to South-South cooperation and solidarity with the southern African nation. Previously, in December 2024, India dispatched 1000 metric tonnes of rice to Lesotho.

What happened?

India’s Minister of State (MoS) for External Affairs, Shri Pabitra Margherita, will visit the Philippines, the Republic of Palau and the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) from 14-21 January 2025.

Why it matters to India

According to India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), MoS Margherita’s visit to the Philippines on 14 January 2025 will coincide with the 75th anniversary of India-Philippines bilateral relations. On 16 January, in the Republic of Palau, Margherita will attend the swearing-in ceremony of President Surangel Whipps Jr. and will also meet with Palau’s

leadership to discuss development projects undertaken by India in the country. On 18 January, Margherita will travel to the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) for the first-ever ministerial-level visit from India. Overall, these official visits to the Indo-Pacific region are part of India’s ongoing efforts to strengthen its Act East Policy and broader vision for the Indo-Pacific.

What happened?

India is commemorating 150 years of the India Meteorological Department (IMD). Established in 1875 during the British colonial era, the IMD will complete 150 years of service on 15th January 2025. To mark this historic occasion, India has also invited officials from countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh (who were part of undivided British India) and other neighbouring countries like Nepal, Afghanistan, Myanmar, etc.

Why it matters to India

On January 14, 2025, while describing IMD as a symbol of India’s scientific journey, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled ‘Mission Mausam’ and released IMD’s Vision-2047 document for weather resilience and climate change adaptation in a push towards making India a climate-smart nation while underscoring India’s commitment towards a sustainable future and climate readiness. It is worth noting that IMD’s flash flood guidance system has been providing critical information to neighbouring countries, including Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, over the years.

What happened?

India’s External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar, is on a two-day visit to Spain from 13 to 14 January 2025. This will be his first visit as India’s External Affairs Minister to Spain.

Why it matters to India

During this ongoing visit, India and Spain announced signing two key agreements—one focused on sports and the other on sustainable urban development. Both sides stated that 2026 would be designated a “dual year” to celebrate India-Spain collaboration in culture, artificial intelligence, and tourism. Notably, Dr. S. Jaishankar was also invited by Spain’s Foreign Minister to address the Spanish ambassadors at a global conference, which underscored the growing significance of India’s role on the global stage.

What happened?

India’s Union Minister of Coal & Mines, Shri G. Kishan Reddy, will visit Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from January 14-16, 2025. He will attend the Ministerial Round Table at the Future Minerals Forum 2025, a global event focused on mineral supply chains and energy transition. During the visit, Shri Reddy will also meet with mining ministers from various countries and interact with the Indian diaspora in Riyadh.

Why it matters to India

Energy cooperation is a central pillar of Indo-Saudi bilateral ties, with Saudi Arabia being a key partner in India’s energy security. This visit highlights the growing potential for India-Saudi Arabia collaboration, especially at the business-to-business (B2B) level in the mining sector. In 2024, Saudi Arabia approved $9.32 billion in investment deals in metals and mining involving companies from India, China, and other nations. This created significant opportunities for Indian firms like Vedanta to expand their presence in this critical sector.

What happened?

India’s External Affairs Minister, Dr. S. Jaishankar, will represent India at the swearing-in ceremony of President-elect Donald Trump on January 20, 2025. Invited by the Trump-Vance Inaugural Committee, this marks Jaishankar’s second visit to the U.S. in the recent past, following his meeting with the incoming U.S. national security advisor (NSA)-designate Mike Waltz on December 27, 2024.

Why it matters to India

This visit is crucial for strengthening India-US diplomatic ties as the new incoming U.S. administration takes office. Jaishankar’s discussions with new U.S. representatives and other visiting international dignitaries will play a key role in shaping future collaborations, emphasising India’s commitment to maintaining strong bilateral relations.

What happened?

The grand 45-day Maha Kumbh Mela commenced on January 13, 2025, at the Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh state of India. This significant Hindu festival, celebrated every 12 years, coincides with a unique 144-year cycle in 2025 and is expected to draw more than 400 million visitors, both Indians and foreign tourists, in one of the largest human gatherings.

Why it matters to India

The Maha Kumbh Mela is a profound spiritual event and a showcase of India’s rich cultural heritage and modern technological advancements. It enhances India’s soft power by demonstrating its capacity to harmonise ancient traditions with contemporary innovation, promoting values of faith, unity, and coexistence on a global stage.

What happened?

On January 13, 2025, India summoned Bangladesh’s deputy high commissioner, Nural Islam, a day after Dhaka summoned Indian High Commissioner Pranay Verma. Dhaka has expressed “deep concern” over India’s Border Security Force (BSF) activities, particularly the construction of fences at five border locations.

Why it matters to India

Bangladesh claims India’s actions (constructing fences) violate a bilateral agreement. The interim Bangladeshi government blames “unequal agreements” from the Sheikh Hasina era for the current border issues. For India, enhancing border security is the topmost priority through BSF’s fencing initiatives.

What happened

On January 10, 2025, the outgoing Biden administration announced sweeping sanctions on Russia’s energy sector, targeting over 200 entities and individuals, including major Russian oil producers and maritime services. Two Indian companies, Skyhart Management Services and Avision Management Services, were sanctioned for transporting Russian LNG. These measures aim to curtail Russia’s revenue, which funds its military activities, by limiting its access to global markets and U.S. services related to oil production.

Why it matters to India

The new sanctions are the most direct and aggressive step taken by the Biden administration against Russia’s energy sector. India may face significant disruptions in Russian oil supplies, pushing refiners to seek alternatives from West Asia and the U.S., likely increasing costs. The sanctions on Indian firms underscore the geopolitical complexities impacting India’s energy security and diplomatic relations with the U.S. and Russia.

What Happened?

Taiwanese firm Foxconn, a major manufacturing partner for Apple, is reportedly halting new work rotations for its Chinese employees at its iPhone factories in India, opting to send Taiwanese workers instead. At the same time, China appears to be disrupting Apple’s iPhone production in India by delaying shipments of specialised manufacturing equipment. These moves are widely seen as China’s attempt to block India from becoming a serious competitor in the global manufacturing landscape.

Why it matters to India

In FY2024, Apple assembled $14 billion worth of iPhones in India through plants operated by Foxconn, Pegatron, and Tata Group. Any disruption to Foxconn’s factories in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka could impact iPhone production and hinder Apple’s efforts to reduce its reliance on Chinese manufacturing by diversifying operations in India. An important space to watch.

What happened?

India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi will travel to Paris in February 2024 for a bilateral visit and to attend the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Summit being hosted by France. The summit will focus on five key areas: innovation and culture, global AI governance, public interest, the future of work, and trust in AI. The summit aims to facilitate global dialogue on AI’s development and regulation.

Why it matters to India

Prime Minister Modi’s participation in this upcoming AI summit aligns with India’s commitment to be part of initiatives pertaining to responsible development, deployment, and adoption of AI. The summit’s discussions will also address critical topics like AI misuse and misinformation, areas of concern for India. President Macron highlighted India’s crucial role in global AI discourse alongside major players like the US, China, and the Gulf nations. Additionally, two significant defence deals (26 Rafale-M fighter jets and three additional Scorpene-class submarines) valued at over $10 billion are also expected to be finalised.

What happened?

On January 15, 2025, Singapore’s President Tharman Shanmugaratnam will begin an important visit to India, marking the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries. During the visit, from January 14 to 18, India and Singapore are expected to sign two skill development agreements. This will be Shanmugaratnam’s first state visit to India and the first by any Singaporean president in the last decade.

Why it matters to India

In 2024, India and Singapore elevated their ties to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP), highlighting their increasing alignment in economic, technological, and geopolitical matters. Singapore is one of India’s key trading partners in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), with bilateral trade reaching USD 35.61 billion in FY 2023-24.

What happened?

Addressing a gathering on ‘Peace and the Role of the US-India Defence and Security Partnership’ on January 09, 2025, in Mumbai, U.S Ambassador to India, Eric Garcetti, spoke about progress achieved in counter-terror and de-radicalisation cooperation between the two countries. He also stated that India and the U.S. are working together towards the de-radicalisation of vulnerable communities in the fight against terror.

Why it matters to India

Ambassador Garcetti’s remarks reflect India’s and the U.S.’s multifaceted approach towards counter-terrorism, which goes beyond military responses. Garcetti’s advocacy for community development, economic opportunities, and addressing societal imbalances aligns with India’s holistic strategy to promote long-term peace and stability, particularly in vulnerable communities, thereby reducing the chances of radicalisation.

What happened?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will attempt another space docking (SpaDeX) attempt of two satellites launched on December 30, 2024, after two earlier attempts were postponed due to unforeseen satellite drift on January 08, 2025. The drift occurred when two satellites moved further apart during a manoeuvre to reduce their distance. The historic mission involves a step-by-step approach to bring two satellites closer, aiming to dock them together.

Why it matters to India

The success of SpaDeX is vital for India’s space ambitions. Docking technology enables larger space structures, satellite refuelling, long-term maintenance, and sustainable exploration. It also supports sample return missions and reduces space debris, making

space operations safer and more efficient. A successful docking would position India as the fourth country after the United States, Russia, and China to master this advanced space technology.

What happened?

India and the Taliban held their first high-level meeting on January 08, 2025, in Dubai, during which the Taliban representatives urged India to start issuing visas to Afghan businessmen, students, and patients. The Taliban assured India of vetting visa seekers to address security concerns.

Why it mattered to India

This issuing of visas for Afghan nationals is significant for India primarily due to its security concerns and for the political implications, especially since India does not officially recognise the Taliban government. The matter also involves diplomatic, security, and logistical challenges, particularly given the previous restrictions on Afghan nationals entering India after the Taliban takeover.

What happened?

On November 6, 2024, Hurricane Rafael struck western Cuba’s Artemisa province as a Category 3 storm, causing widespread power outages and significant rainfall. In continuation of its humanitarian aid diplomacy, India dispatched a consignment of essential medicines comprising antibiotics, antipyretics, painkillers, oral rehydration solution (ORS) and muscle relaxants for Cuba on January 10, 2025.

Why it matters to India:

India’s humanitarian assistance to Cuba exemplifies its efforts to project itself as a important global power, particularly in the Global South. Through this aid consignment, India also reinforced its historical ties with Cuba and showcased its strategic approach towards Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR).

What happened?

India is expected to sign a preliminary agreement with Mongolia focused on cooperation in geology and exploration, specifically for copper and coking coal. The proposed deal is in an advanced stage, with the Indian cabinet approving the memorandum of understanding (MoU). Indian companies, including Adani, Hindalco, and Vedanta, have expressed interest in sourcing resources from Mongolia, known for its high-quality coking coal.

Why it matters to India.

The agreement is vital for securing essential resources, reducing import dependency, and diversifying supply chains. It would strengthen India’s economic and geopolitical ties with resource-rich Mongolia, supporting its growing industrial demand and ensuring long-term resource security.

What happened?

India is hosting the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, from January 8 to 10, 2025, with an estimated 4,000 delegates from the global Indian diaspora. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the event.

Why it matters to India:

PBD strengthens India’s cultural, economic, and diplomatic ties with its global diaspora. It also celebrates the diaspora’s contributions and fosters collaboration on trade, technology, and culture. Events like PBD enhance India’s global presence and promote tourism in India.

What happened?

The 11th India-European Union Human Rights Dialogue held in New Delhi on January 8, 2025, focused on strengthening cooperation between India and the European Union on human rights. The discussions primarily focused on shared commitments towards democracy, freedom, the rule of law, and other specific human rights issues such as civil rights, gender equality, and freedom of expression.

Why it matters to India:

Both sides discussed the issues related to civil and political rights; social, economic, and cultural rights; elimination of discrimination in all its manifestations; freedom of religion or belief; countering religious hatred; freedom of expression and opinion, both online and offline; gender, LGBTQI+ and the rights of the child; women’s empowerment; and technology and human rights. The two sides also exchanged views on the rights of migrants and Business and Human Rights.”

During the dialogue, both sides reaffirmed their commitment to human rights while addressing key differences, including the EU’s opposition to capital punishment and India’s focus on the Right to Development. They also concurred on the importance of enhancing multilateral cooperation and maintaining regular dialogue.

What happened?

India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met with Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi in Dubai on January 08, 2025, marking their first official meeting. Both sides discussed bilateral relations, regional issues, and humanitarian aid, with India pledging support for Afghanistan’s health sector and trade through the Chabahar port.

Why it matters to India.

This latest meeting marked India’s ongoing efforts to engage Afghan Taliban leadership directly, especially at a time when the region’s geopolitics is in a state of flux. It also demonstrates India’s proactive pursuit of national and regional security interests. Both sides discussed enhancing cricket ties and boosting trade through the Chabahar port, which is key for India’s strategic interests. Notably, the Afghan Taliban leadership also acknowledged India’s security concerns, indicating a mutual understanding for a continued dialogue.

What happened?

U.S. Congressman Lance Gooden has raised concerns over the U.S. Justice Department’s investigation into Indian businessman Gautam Adani for allegedly bribing Indian officials. Gooden argues the case is an overreach, as the alleged crimes occurred in India and have no direct U.S. involvement. He warns that the investigation could harm U.S.-India relations, distract from domestic issues, and potentially escalate into an international incident. Gooden also questions the political motivations behind the timing of the investigation.

Why it matters to India:

This investigation into Adani could potentially strain diplomatic relations between India and the U.S. and raise concerns about U.S. jurisdiction over actions involving Indian citizens and officials, potentially impacting future bilateral ties and political relations.

What happened?

Microsoft plans to invest $3 billion in India over the next two years to expand its cloud and AI capabilities. The investment will fund establishing an AI Center of Excellence and AI productivity labs in 20 National Skill Training Institutes across 10 states. CEO Satya Nadella announced this at the Microsoft AI tour in New Delhi, aiming to train 500,000 Indians in AI under the India AI initiative.

Why it matters to India

This investment could significantly enhance India’s technological infrastructure, accelerating AI adoption across healthcare, finance, agriculture, and education sectors. It creates opportunities for students, educators, and entrepreneurs, boosting India’s AI adoption rate of 72% in 2024.

What happened?

Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh met his Maldivian counterpart to reinforce India’s commitment to strengthening ties with the Maldives. He emphasised the Maldives’ role in India’s ‘Neighbourhood First Policy’ and its importance to regional stability in the Indian Ocean.

Why it matters to India

The Maldives is strategically important due to its location near India’s west coast and vital maritime routes. Strengthening ties through defence cooperation ensures regional stability and security in the Indian Ocean and supports India’s broader geopolitical interests.

What happened?

Sri Lanka’s President Anura Kumara Dissanayake will visit China on January 14, following his December trip to India late last year. The visit marks 68 years of Sri Lanka-China relations, with Dissanayake reaffirming Sri Lanka’s commitment to ‘One China’ policy and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and expressing gratitude for China’s debt restructuring support.

Why it matters to India

India opposes BRI, viewing it as a tool for expanding Chinese influence, and is concerned by Sri Lanka’s participation. Sri Lanka’s strategic location in the Indian Ocean, along critical maritime trade routes, heightens India’s concern over Chinese influence in the region. Additionally, while Dissanayake’s assurance that Sri Lanka will not allow its territory to harm Indian interests is a positive sign, it remains to be seen how this will play out, especially with the growing China-Sri Lanka ties.

What happened?

On January 8, the interim government of Bangladesh revoked the passport of ousted Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, citing her alleged involvement in the July killings of last year, which reportedly resulted in the deaths of several hundred people. They have also requested her extradition from India to face charges of “crimes against humanity and genocide.” However, the Indian government has opted to extend her visa, allowing her to remain in India.

Why it matters to India

Hasina’s extradition is diplomatically sensitive for India, as she is regarded as a key ally. India is unlikely to extradite her, viewing the charges as politically motivated and concerned that she wouldn’t receive a fair trial. Also, the extradition treaty between India and Bangladesh may not cover political extraditions, further complicating the situation. The Indian government has maintained a cautious stance, with External Affairs Ministry spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal noting that it is for Hasina to decide her future: “As far as former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina is concerned, we don’t have an update on her plans. It is for her to take things forward.”

What happened? 

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau resigns amid falling approval ratings and internal divisions within the Liberal Party. 

Why it matters to India:  

Trudeau’s resignation follows controversial claims about India’s involvement in the killing of Khalistan terrorist and Canadian citizen Hardeep Singh Nijjar, which sparked severe diplomatic fallout and strained international relations. The Liberal Party in Canada now faces a crucial decision to either appoint an interim leader or hold a leadership contest to determine its future direction. The resignation signals a significant political shift in Canada, with potential implications for the country’s domestic policies and foreign relations. 

What happened? 

The United States of America (USA) moves to unlock civil nuclear cooperation with India by removing entities like Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Indira Gandhi Atomic Research Centre (IGCAR), and Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL) from the Entity List, paving the way for deeper collaboration. 

Why it matters to India:  

This move marks a significant step in operationalising the 2008 nuclear deal, strengthening US-India relations and expanding joint efforts in nuclear and space technologies. At the same time, it boosts India’s energy and technological capabilities, advancing its position as a key player in the global technological landscape. 

What happened? 

Indonesia formally joins Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), becoming the first Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) country to be included in the group of major emerging economies. 

Why it matters to India. 

Indonesia’s membership strengthens the BRICS bloc, expanding its influence in the Global South and aligning with the group’s agenda for reforming global governance institutions. At the same time, Indonesia’s membership signals its growing role in global economic and political dynamics, offering a strategic opportunity to boost collaboration with developing nations. The announcement gains significance in the wake of India’s decision to host the Indonesian President as the Republic Day guest on January 26, 2025.